PSYCH 105| Psychology 105 - Individual and Social Behavior EXAM TIPS WITH Dr. Carolina (Kina) Montenegro Jan 2025 University of Alberta
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Module
PSYCH 105 Individual and Social Behavior
Institution
PSYCH 105 Individual And Social Behavior
PSYCH 105| Psychology 105 - Individual and Social Behavior EXAM TIPS WITH Dr. Carolina (Kina) Montenegro Jan 2025 University of Alberta
Psych notes
Lec 1 - EVOLUTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
● Psychology - scientific study of mind and behavior, imperfect and incomplete instruction manual
● ...
PSYCH 105| Psychology 105 - Individual and Social
Behavior EXAM TIPS WITH Dr. Carolina (Kina)
Montenegro Jan 2025 University of Alberta
Psych notes
Lec 1 - EVOLUTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
● Psychology - scientific study of mind and behavior, imperfect and incomplete
instruction manual
● Mind - private event, other people can’t have access
● Behavior - public event, people can observe and see
● school psychologists offer guidance to
students,parents, and teachers
● industrial/organizational psychologists help businesses
and organizations hire employees and maximize the
employees’ performances
● sports psychologists help athletes train and compete
● forensic psychologists assist attorneys and courts in
dealing with crime
● consumer psychologists help companies develop and
market new products
● The Principles of Psychology is still widely read and remains
one of the most influential books ever written on the
, subject (WILLIAM JAMES)
● Dualism - the mind and body are fundamentally different things
● Materialism - all mental phenomenon are reducible to physical
phenomenon, the mind is not different from the brain, the mind is
output/function of the brain
● Realism - our perceptions of the physical world are a faithful copy of
information from the world that enters our brains through our sensory apparatus.
Our ability to see the world through vision is a copy of what the world
actually is
● Idealism - our perceptions of the physical world are our brain’s best
interpretation of the information that enters through our sensory apparatus. Our
brain interprets what our senses bring in. (optical illusion, we are
assuming things)
● Empiricism - the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience.
● Nativism - the view that some knowledge is innate rather than acquired.
(young baby have preference towards people who are prosocial than
anti-social)
● Developmental psychology - development of psychological
phenomena change over lifespan including prenatal development
● Evolutionary psychology - evolutionary pressure from the past
and how it influences modern day thinking and behavior and
feelings
● Science of Psychology is largely deterministic (relies on experiment
and correlation of human thoughts and behavior), no space for free
will (it is an illusion), behavior is determined by different aspects so
we look into causation rather than chosen.
● Hermann von Helmholtz - interested in reaction time, the amount of
time between the onset of a stimulus and a person’s response to that
stimulus
● Wilhelm wundt - published world's first psychology textbook in 1874,
opened first psychology laboratory at University of Leipzig (1879)
,● Wundt believed that psychology should be used to understand the
facts of consciousness, its combination and relations so that it may
ultimately discover the laws which govern these relations and
combinations.
● Structuralism - an approach to psychology that attempts to isolate and
analyze the mind’s basic element. Trying to understand the world by
breaking it down to natural element (cell,molecule)
● Introspection - analysis of subjective experience by trained observers.
Focus on raw experiences (subjective experience) rather than their
interpretation of the experience.
● Focusing on subjective experience can be difficult as it becomes hard
to tack if the persons description was accurate or whether they
experienced it the same way as they described it
● Functionalism - an approach to psychology that emphasized the
adaptive significance of mental process. Influenced by darwin and
his evolution theory (natural selection)
● Natural selection - process by which the specific attributes that
promote an organism's survival and reproduction becomes more
prevalent in the population over time.
● Sigmund Freud (viennese physician) noticed that people tend to
forget the painful memories/experience of childhood, they can’t allow
themselves to remember it. Saw mind as a set of processes that were
largely hidden from our view
● Unconscious - part of mind that contains information of which
people are not aware.
● Psychoanalytic theory - general theory that emphasizes the
influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts and behaviors.
● Psychoanalysis - a therapy that aims to give people insight into the
contents of their unconscious minds.
● Behaviourism - an approach to psychology that restricts scientific
inquiry to observable behavior.
● Ivan pavlov - studied digestion in dogs, stimulus was anything
that led to salvation and salvation was the response to the
stimulus
● Burrhus frederick skinner - discovered the behavior of reinforcement , in
his book he wrote “in the behaviorist view” man can control his destiny
because he knows what must be done and how to do it
● Principle of reinforcement - any behavior that is rewarded will be
repeated and any behavior that isn’t revealed won’t be repeated
(operate conditioning)
● Max wertheimer - interested in how people perceive motion (the
light flashing experiment)
● Gestalt psychology - an approach to psychology that emphasized
the way in which the mind creates perceptual experience (gestalt-
whole)
● Jean piaget - minds of children, studying the mistakes they
made (clay experiment)
● Developmental psychology - study of the ways in which
psychological phenomenon change over the life span
, ● Kurt Lewin - people's behavior isn’t a function of the environment but
rather how people understood and perceived their environment.
Response does not depend on the stimulus but rather they depend on
how people think about those stimulus.
● Social psychology - (formerly defined as) study of consequences and
causes sociality.
● Solomon asch (primary effect) (how brain builds theory based on first
words and l interpret the later words)
● Chomsky - behaviorist principles could never explain some of the most
obvious features of language learning.
● The cognitive revolution - shift in psychology’s orientation
● Cognitive psychology - study of human information processing
● Evolutionary psychology - the study of the ways in which the human
mind has been shaped by natural selection.
● Nativist approach - humans are born with certain bits of knowledge
that they have gained with the course of generations
● Cognitive neuroscience - study of relationship between the brain and
the mind (especially in humans)
● Behavioral neuroscience - study of the relationship between the
brain and behavior (especially in nonhuman animals)
● Broca - ability to speak language
● Wernicke's - ability to understand language
● Cultural psychology - study of how culture influences mental life
● Cross-cultural psychology - different cultures has different influences
on mental life
Which of the following statements best reflects an attitude of critical thinking with
respect to the report of a research project?
A I wonder how they measured that variable.
B I really like what these people are saying.
C I don't care what they say, I won't believe it.
D Of course, I've always known that was true.
What differentiates psychology from pseudoscience?
its method of testing ideas against objective observations
If the total number of boys and girls born each year is exactly equal, which of
the following would be the most likely sequence of boys (B) and girls (G) for
the next six births?
a) All the above would be equally likely. because each birth has a 50/50
chance for either B or G
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