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bio sci 93 midterm 1 Exam Questions with Revised Correct Detailed Answers with Rationales Guaranteed Pass
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bio sci 93 midterm 1 Exam Questions with Revised Correct Detailed Answers with Rationales Guaranteed Pass Lecture 1 - ● Properties of life: order, regulation, evolutionary adaptation, energy processing, growth and development, response to the environment, reproduction. ● Theme of emergent ...

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  • December 26, 2024
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bio sci 93 midterm 1 Exam Questions with
Revised Correct Detailed Answers with
Rationales Guaranteed Pass

Lecture 1 - ✔✔● Properties of life: order, regulation, evolutionary adaptation, energy processing, growth

and development, response to the environment, reproduction.


● Theme of emergent properties: The biosphere → ecosystems → communities → populations →

organisms → organs → tissues → cells → organelles → molecules


● The cell is the basic unit of structure and function and smallest to perform activities of life. All cells are

enclosed by a membrane and use DNA as genetic information.


● Structure fits function


● Organisms as open systems


● DNA is the basis of inheritance


Lecture 2 - ✔✔● Hydrogen bonds: The H atom forms one covalent bond with another atom in the same

molecule where it is present, and a second weaker bond (the "hydrogen bond") with an atom in another

molecule


● Cohesion: interaction between water molecules → surface tension


● Water can make maximum of 4 hydrogen bonds.


● Hydrophilic substances → Affinity for water, hydrophobic substances → Repel water




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● Water can dissociate into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion.


● Buffers: resist change in pH of a solution


● The main buffer in blood is carbonic acid / bicarbonate


Lecture 3 - ✔✔● Carbon atoms → building blocks of biological molecules (4 valence electrons and can

form four covalent bonds)


● Properties of an organic molecule also depend on the chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton.


● Chemical groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, methyl and phosphate


● Dehydration reaction → synthesizing a polymer, Hydrolysis → breaking down a polymer


* A carbohydrate is a molecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Examples of it would

be sugars, starches and fiber. Simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides. Disaccharide is 2

monosaccharides joined together by glyosidic linkage (covalent bond). Polysaccharides are Polymers of

100s-1000s of monosaccharides.


● Lipids (not polymers) are diverse group of hydrophobic molecules and


are in three forms of fats, phospholipids, and steroids.


● Fats → saturated fats vs unsaturated fats, Phospholipids → glycerol + two fatty acids + phosphate

group + choline, Steroids → Carbon skeleton with 4 rings and varying functional groups


Lecture 4 - ✔✔● Amino acids (monomers) → polypeptides (polymer of amino acids in specific sequence)

→ proteins (one or more polypeptides with specific 3-D conformation)


● Proteins are all structured from the same set of 20 amino acids.


● Structure of an amino acid contains: amino group, hydrogen, carboxyl group and an R group (variable

side chain). Make sure you can identify the polar amino acids vs non polar amino acids based on their

structures.



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● Protein folding: - Primary (amino acid sequence) - Secondary


(hydrogen bonding, Alpha helix vs Beta pleated sheets) - Tertiary structure (overall shape of polypeptide,

R group interactions) - Quaternary structure (Overall protein structure resulting from combined

polypeptides of 2 or more, stabilized by R group interactions)


● A single change in the primary structure of a protein can have pleiotropic effects such as different

disease or health conditions (ex. Sickle cell anemia)


● Damaged or misfolded proteins are actively degraded by proteasome


Lecture 5 - ✔✔● Plasma membrane composition: - Lipids (phospholipids which are the main fabric of

membrane that form the bilayer) - Cholesterol (regulates membrane fluidity) -Proteins (embedded in

bilayer and control the movement of different materials inside and outside of the cell) -Carbohydrates

(present on extracellular surface and are mainly responsible


for cell-cell recognition).


● Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane


● The cell membrane is fluid.


Lecture 6 - ✔✔● Plasma membrane is selectively permeable


○ Can pass through: small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules


○ Cannot pass through: large, charged, polar molecules


● Tonicity


○ Describes the state of the cell based on extracellular environments


○ Hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic




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● Membrane Proteins


○ Carrier proteins: can change shape when a molecule binds to it (active and passive


transport)


○ Channel proteins: opens to allow molecules to pass through (passive)


● Co-Transport


○ Na+/glucose pump (animals)


○ H+/sucrose pump (plants)


● Modes of bulk transport


○ Exocytosis, endocytosis


■ Phagocytosis


■ pinocytosis


■ receptor-mediated endocytosis


Lecture 7 - ✔✔Microfilaments:


Composed of: actin




Plays a role in phagocytosis via


pseudopodia extension




Functions: Maintains cell


shape, transport of cargo over



Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved.

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