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Summary International Relations
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- International Relations
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- OCR
International Relations full notes for module
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International Relations 1880-1945Unit 1= Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (Longterm) Assasination (Short
Term)
Unit 2+3= Political, Social, Economic
Unit 4= Political Social, Economic, Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism
Unit 1
The Unification of Italy 1871
1820-30= revolutions for unification with Garibaldi exiled for participation
1858= Alliance with France to end Australian involvement in Italian regions
1860= Garibaldi returned with the Redshirts lending support to Emanuel II
Garibaldi and the Redshirts conquered Sicily and Naples. Northern states
joined Piedmont- Sardinia
Garibaldi handed over the south to the Northern states which were under
Emanuel
1871= Rome removed from foreign control
The outcome lead to a weak government but strong state governments
Unification of Germany 1871
1847= Bismarck became the new representative of the Prussian government and
was seen as a powerful figure against liberal and anti-monarchist revolutions
Bismark concluded that a united Germany would help political affairs for Europe as
Prussia
1862= Bismark made Chief Minister by Wilhelm I
Bismark made small conflicts with neighbouring countries and edited a telegram from
Wilhelm to France which insulted French leadership
1870= Franco-Prussian War
1871= France lost which granted Germany prestige, with Wilhelm being made King
at Versailles
Scramble for Africa/ The Berlin Conference 1884
● New imperialism period= invasion, occupation, and colonisation by European nations
over Africa for raw materials to fuel Industrial Revolution and saw it as bringing
civilization and providing self-beneficial economies (cash crops)
● Berlin Conference with every major power (AH, Britain, Germany, France, Turkey,
Spain, USA) to settle disputes over land and to neutralise the Congo and Niger River
to help Leopold II with trading, but also disregarded regional dialects culture, and
linguistics
● Britain= South Africa, South Rhodesia
● Germany= Cameroon
● Italy= Somaliland
Aims of the Powers Pre-WW1
Italy= Wanted Abyssinia + African territory, Mediterranean control, the Dalmation Coast, to
be a great power and have glory as Ancient Rome did and as a result, more power
,France= Wanted a stronger industry using territory in Africa and their coal deposits (lack of
them in France) and a strong alliance system to control Germany and wanting to weaken
them with the Treaty of Versailles
Britain= Wanted to strengthen the empire by getting rid of trade threats over China, a
stronger navy than Germany, to eradicate challenges with appeasement and ally with
France due to the German naval rivalry, gain back colonies and power and to prevent
German expansion and stop them from gaining power
Russia= Wanted Bolshevik stability, to take over European land and implement a communist
government, wanted a treaty with Germany due to both of them being distrusted by Europe
(Bolshevism), and France’s withdrawal from a pact which left them vulnerable
Germany= Wanted to be a global power in Europe and have African colonies and European
compensation from WW1, liberation of German people and wanted to get rid of reliance of
Western powers, and a bigger navy than Britain
USA= Wanted to be isolated and protected by Britain and to not be included in global affairs
and all wars (especially WW2) but also wanted European trade
Austria-Hungary= Wanted to control the Slavic population and eradicate Russian
interference but also wanted smaller states due to civilian unrest and protection form Russia
by Germany
Ottoman Empire= Wanted new peace treaties and a revival of the empire and a
modernisation of the military with the help of Germany
Alliances of the Powers
The Austro- German Dual Alliance 1879- If one was attacked by Russia the other wouth help
woth the power of their full empire, last two years, secret treaty but if Russia did attack then
the Tsar would be warned, Increased German influence over Austrian foreign policy and the
two hoped Russia would negotiate with them
Alliance of the Three Emperors 1881- AH and Germany agreed the Straits to have no
battleships stopping British Navy from entering the Black Sea, Russia to let Bulgaria unify
and to let Austria annex it in the future, no more territorial changes to each empire without
the other two’s consent- temporarily reduced tensions
The Triple Alliance 1882- Germany, AH and Italy- had to support Italy of France attacked
and Italy to help others if attacked by two other powers- Bismark strengthened pro-German
ministers
Mediterranean Agreements 1887- Bismark to stop Russian expansion in the Balkans by
encouraging Britain, Italy and AHinto agreement to provide the region with fixed territory.
Russia has to consult Berlin to take over Bulgaria and Bismark hoped Europe would stand
up to Russia
, Reinsurance Treaty 1887- Russia and Germany neutral unless Germany attacked France,
Russia or AH, Germany to agree to historical Balkan Russian claims (Bulgaria), Turkey to
not open Straits due to hostile British Navy- Contradictory diplomacy
Franco-Russian Alliance 1894- Secret defensive military agreement which brought France
out of European isolationism and would ally with each other whenever a threat to peace.
Made Germany obscured in Europe and feeling squished and caused a shift in European
rivalries
Anglo-Japanese 1902- Defensive alliance to protect British claims in China and Britain to
accept Japanese affairs in Korea. If under attack, others would defend. Imperialism for
Britain increased
Entente Cordiale 1904- Britain to recognise French control in Morocco. Improved relations
but not a defensive alliance. Gave Britain independence in continental entanglements
Anglo-Russian Entente 1907- Russia to give up all claims on Afghanistan and to recognise
British control of Tibet. Improved relations in London to keep French alliance
Triple Entente 1907- Britain, France and Russia to protect each other against Italy, Germany
and AH. Rebalanced European power but caused lots of tension and was a leading factor to
WW1
The Lead up to WW1:
The Anglo-German Naval Rivalry
Who: Britain and Germany
What: Between 1898 and 1900 Germany had developed their navy, surpassing the ‘Two-
Power Standard’ under Admiral Tirpitz (her fleet was to be larger than the fleets of the
next two powers combined). Britain, in return, built up their navy due to the German
threat of expansion which heightened tensions.
Overview: Germany wanted Britain to make colonial concessions to build their own empire
which appealed to German Nationalism. Tirpitz ordered 60 capital ships to be made in
stages. When Britain heard about this plan, the Royal Navy began building new
dreadnoughts in 1906.
1908- 4 ships every year which pressured Britain to make 8 new ships in 1909 and 10
more in 1910-11.
Germany failed to build a navy in stages but ultimately led to the creation of
submarines.
1909- Britain attempted to diffuse the threat of German domination by trying to negotiate a
fixed ratio of capital ships and in return Britain would be neutral if Germany went to
war with British allies
Consequence: Governments became blind to their agressions and the potential
damage that could be caused with their expansionism due to their naivities. The
militaristic need for a stronger fleet became a catalyst for the naval rivalry and the
German push for naval supremacy
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