In depths mindmaps of sub- topics within Topic 2 (cells) of Alevel biology
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Mitochondria + chloroplasts J
Nucleus ·Ribosomes in E HutwouldHanda en
Synthesisproteins
Fernfor
ne
cell membrane (also
enzymes
for lysosome
TranibosomeinKeytoplasmsynthesize proteindue
s bt et
:Documents
Functions ·
ma
RNA
Catalyse
the peticare
Purpose
:
is
:nuckerenveloton
structure ~
↑ Purpose bind
: MRNAS
RNA proteins
↑
&
of materials
&
Functions : -
control entry exit
environment for
-
provides sepurale
ood store different types of organelles
could
disaster
-isolates enzymesthat
10
M
Bukaryotes ↑ I
I
(
Animal cell
&
-
Mitochondria
folds prokin
↳highMitochondmitchoda
RER-processes +
SER-Matest processes lipids
a
duetoactivehanspar
of sugei
Double membrane
substan
[
of a
aconhalel nmy
inmunds I
↳ provides exte S A . . Sor
Ma
.
enzymesthattaa a
energy
caringApodmedin calls he
increase S A . for
with
greater am
high metabolic
a ·
gel-like
i al in cell
activityto
.
· more viscous than
a
cyloplasm
· Lesswas a in , ligids, ribosomes-
the
MitochondriaDoeduction of
e
butler
formembe
m
cholesterol - ·
nech
·
Respiratory enzymespressent
LDL carry fale deosib men
2 major byes
: +
from blood vessels + into liver cells
HDLs fabs
Carry away
water I dissolved can loss bar He cell
Properties is
Hydrophobic
i
presents
rigiditona
BindsdifferentalacidHistogetherwhich
provides
Glycoprotein
-
Xi
sis escayne ;chighcudith
stops phospholipid willcausethea
machin
+
a
membrane
Plasm rissue
Proteins -
hangin
↳
-ProteinsMaSpam e
a
T
:AsMovementofNahSoroteins
Functions
a
)
carrier proteins
-Protein thatauna minin membrane
-watersubsubstandar
areea
! Waswa eara
protein
Thigh conc
ou surte
a
↓
,
" a e
montes eg water
s
Glycolipid & low
-small
Functions cone
:
to WB
homans
signals h onin
ab
Respons to e g a se
.
.
·
for all a
Mechanicalsuypat
mem
-
, Prokaryotic stuctural shought
cogrovides
/I
to all
wall
~
integrity
in(edgyouhade
is
on
viruses
a celluar + non-living undenia
&
-
range from 20-300
nm
- Siz
- Drorimscodin
ahosrelaready to intet
an se wansferred via
bloodsheam
Conjugation (horizontal gene
hanster)
↓
( may
end up having a different
helpsrement no plasmids daughter alls may
I not have same do genetic
with no membrane material
bound organelle
Cell membrane permability
rails
due hydrophobic
Hydrophobic (ligid)
to
- molecules can
pass through easier
anti-flammatory drugs)
L steroid drugs yass easily (brown inhales +
- Water soluble
+ yolar molecules find it difficult dre to regulsion of hydrophobic
tails (non-polar
don't lit in lumes of channel protein
!= enter as
-
Larger molecules channels ... won't had through channel
molecules reyelled by protis
Like changed
Prokaryote VS
Eukary de
-
DWA not associated -DNA associaled with histors
-
circular DNA -
Linear DNA
no membran band membran band organdy
organdly
- 10s ribosomes -
80s ribosomes
-
murein/peptidoglycan -
celluse/chilin all
all wall wall
-
no nuclear membra
-
nuclear membrane
-
Double membran
-
Single membram
, Transmission election microscope
uses e-instead of light
conversions through easily
-
-
uses a thin specimen so e-can pass
are dadher an due to elections
tur
-
Par
x1000)Mehelm o
Me specimen
a not passing through
to Secuse-
-
Uses electromagnes
or ( mimeho a Dis
Adv
-
resolution = Inm
-
placed in vaccum to disallow ore-affecting
-shower wavelength Me specimen being observed
than light : improved not alive
resolution Specimen
-
colour picture
Scanning Electron ↓ can save pics of
-complex staining process
needs to take place for
>
-
using
2d images as elections specimen be viewed
Microscope photomicrograph to
to allow e-through that
charge pass through
-specimen
needs to be very thin things on the pichuse
the
artefacts- are not originally on
↓ positi
aons
contain
-Image may specimen
a
as equid a
specimen
Difficult Bread
- to
Lolad loss of resolution to specimen
result damage
to
·
higher energy e-beam required as
i
Preparing a microscopic slide
I .
Placed the root lip on a microscopic slide I cut a small
u
section
very lip of it
1e
from
resolving power
. Use
2
Mesminudasentatio
He cells
a mounted needle to break the hig open +
spread tha
-Hear -
Whano-orein
out
thinly
on a
>
-
na
3 Add a tw dus
Resolution ability of
.
a microscope
slip simly
-
·
3 . Place a cover over In cells + push down
of image differentials between
-
in to
Artfack may be present M
&
close
-
-
image
objects that are
together
bounce off
cells
Cell fractionation
Studying
~
&
Light
I Light
microscope
from bottom of the
&
.
sent
microscope
Properation
(
1 .
lenses
Lo use an ice cold , isotonic + buffered solution + place 2 .
focused using glass
be this
eduasenzyme !
sample tissues studied needs to
S Specimen being
3
Siz of
.
determine enough to allow light to
pass through
cell :
specimen that absorb more
1 Stucket divide by may
4
. Regions on
measur
dader (less light reaches
light will
-
appear
digested lowed conversion hom (m > em =
-
allowed
-
PH levels are not
could
X 10000
eye)
to Hluchah as it
He structure Ne
of
disrupt
organelles Adv Dis
Easy to use
Homogenation Low resolution due to
-
.
2
organelles
-
release large wavelength of light
blender to break calls + cheaper Man
-
↳ using a alteratives
-
Low magnification
Resultant Fluid:homogenate
in
-view actalComSpeimenuadan a
· in
↓
actal specimen
filtered to remove When using :
I Clip slide ont stage
cell debris
.
2
cell membran
.
Start on lowest powered objective lens
↓Fsugematant
Le.s.
3 Use course adjustment mob to bring the .
slage up just belo He
Ochs dtodifferemogene
-
objective lens
3 .
Ultracenhifugation their
"Look down te
eyegies + use course adjustment know to more
organelles based on
He stage down
mass in lowrs
used
until In
image roughly
separate different
is
L
L to
centrifuge is 5 .
Adjust hens until you get a clear
image
arch pellet
settle
· Filterate 1st sour at law
syeed fous heaviest aganelle (nucle to
mneunomic
bottom of the lube + fam a pellet Never Could Make Leeds
Pellet
· removed t supernatant
is
spun
at
faster speed
a
Evenly ripe
↓ T
remaining filterate
Eyepiece graicule
order
removed
supernatent again
Cyan a
is
· next heaviest (mitochondria) Fams a pellet +
accurate measurements of
·
process repeals used to take
Hitchondria subcellmar shuckses
organelles to be separated speed of centrifugal an(er/min)
Nuclei 1000 1 . Measure with eyepiece graicule
Mitochondria 3500
.
2 Calibrate eyepiece graicule against
Stage micrometer
16500 calculate
Lysosomes . Take no measurements
3 + mean
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