Criminology Unit 9- Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest update 2025 (Rated A+)
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Criminology Unit 9
Institution
Criminology Unit 9
Criminology Unit 9- Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest update 2025 (Rated A+)
peacemaking criminology - Answers Crime-control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.
Creation of communities and ...
Criminology Unit 9- Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest update 2025 (Rated A+)
peacemaking criminology - Answers Crime-control agencies and the citizens they serve should work
together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.
Creation of communities and co-operation
rehabilitation - Answers an attempt to change/reform a convicted person so that he or she will not
commit another criminal act
reintegration - Answers The process of reintroducing a convicted offender back into the community
reintegrative shaming - Answers Braithwaite's shaming theory posits that reintegrative shaming, a
process by which the offender is shamed for his or her actions and then is welcomed back into the
community, inhibits future misbehaviour. He also argues that those who participate in the shaming
process are less likely to misbehave in the first place
republican theory - Answers A theory put forward by John Braithwaite and Phillip Pettit that posits the
purpose of the criminal justice system should be to promote a republican conception of freedom
Republicanism realizes that law alone cannot achieve structural change and, moreover, counsels legal
restraint through its adherence to a presumption that intervention by the law should be a measure of
last resort Republican theory emphasizes the importance of nonlegal forms of regulation (informal social
norms and practices)
HOLSITIC
FOCUS ON RELATIONSHOPS IN CJS
restitution - Answers usually a condition attached to probation order requiring the offender to pay back
the victim or the community in some way
restorative justice - Answers a process for resolving crime and conflicts that focuses on redressing the
harms caused to victims while holding offenders accountable for their actions and engaging the
community in a conflict resolution process
Introduction - Answers RJ is a newer perspective and social movement, began as a response to New
Right Criminology
Tied to Indigenous culture and spirituality (social view of crime)
Opposition to adversarial system (critical of role of state, focus rather on community)
Holistic views of crime and society based on:
moving away from punitive model
, ideals of individual and community healing
restoration of peace and harmony
Unlike retributivists that focus on just deserts approach (get what they deserve)
In Canada things that lead to development of RJ - Answers failure of adversarial system to decrease
crime rates
high rates of incarceration
overrepresentation of indigenous people in CJS
exclusion of victims and communities from justice decisions
develop of victims rights organizations
emergence of movement advocating for community-based justice
Has strong roots in Indigenous community in 1970s:
aboriginal leaders used to engender emotional and spiritual healing with community
reinforced and extended influence of traditional healing and spiritual practices
Gladoo decision - Answers Decision by supreme court
Courts should leave custodial sentences when possible, use community based, framework for RJ in
Canada
Republican Theory - Answers Braithwaite and Petit challenged retributivist perspective and goal-
oriented approach like utalitarism
Critical of sole goal of CJS being crime prevention
Theories that single out subsystems (i.e. punishment) may miss interactions that connect them
Lacks focus on relationships found within CJS
CJS needs to be seen as a complete entity; holistic approach is necessary (view as a whole)
May be considered a particular model of restorative justice
Concept of Dominion (Republican) - Answers Robust SOCIAL FREEDOM only achievable through well-
governed state:
connects indivduals as citizens (CITZENSHIPS WITH OTHERS)
achieved through equal opportunities for liberty and a common knowledge about this condition
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