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AS Level Psychology (9990) - Case Studies Exam Question & Answers 2025.docx
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AS Level Psychology (9990) - Case StudiesExam Question & Answers 2025
What are the four approaches? - Correct Answers ✅✅- Biological
- Cognitive
- Learning
- Social
State the main assumptions of the biological approach - Correct
Answers ✅✅- Behaviour, cognitions and emotions can be
explained in terms of biological systems & processes, such as evolution,
the nervous system and hormones;
- Behaviour, cognitions and emotions can be investigated by
manipulating and measuring biological responses (e.g. eye movements,
brain activity and pulse rate);
- Similarities and differences between people can be understood in
terms of biological factors and their interaction with other factors.
State the main assumptions of the cognitive approach - Correct
Answers ✅✅- Behaviour and emotions can be explained in terms
of the role of cognitive processes such as attention, language, thinking
and memory;
- Similarities and differences between people can be understood in
terms of individual patterns of cognition.
State the main assumptions of the learning approach - Correct Answers
✅✅- Conditioning helps to explain changes in behaviour;
,AS Level Psychology (9990) - Case Studies
Exam Question & Answers 2025
- Social learning helps to explain changes in behaviour.
State the main assumptions of the social approach - Correct Answers
✅✅- Behaviour, cognitions and emotions can be influenced by other
individuals;
- Behaviour, cognitions and emotions can be influenced by other groups
or social contexts.
Recall the names of the 3 case studies under the biological approach -
Correct Answers ✅✅- Canli et al. (brain scans & emotions)
- Dement and Kleitman (sleep & dreams)
- Schacter and Singer (two factors in emotion)
Recall the names of the 3 case studies under the cognitive approach -
Correct Answers ✅✅- Andrade (doodling)
- Baron-Cohen et al. (eyes test)
- Laney et al. (false memory)
Recall the names of the 3 case studies under the learning approach -
Correct Answers ✅✅- Bandura et al. (aggression)
- Saavedra and Silverman (button phobia)
- Pepperberg (parrot learning)
,AS Level Psychology (9990) - Case Studies
Exam Question & Answers 2025
Recall the names of the 3 case studies under the social approach -
Correct Answers ✅✅- Milgram (obedience)
- Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritans)
- Yamamoto et al. (chimpanzee helping)
1.1 CANLI ET AL. (brain scans and emotions)
Recall the background information on this case study - Correct Answers
✅✅- Psychologists can now study the brains of living people and
draw conclusions about the relationship between behaviour and brain
structure/activity.
- There are two basic types of medical scan: functional and structural.
(1) Structural scans: take detailed pictures of the structure of the brain;
(2) Functional scans: able to show activity levels in different areas of the
brain.
1.1 CANLI ET AL. (brain scans and emotions)
Describe how fMRI works - Correct Answers ✅✅- Functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a neuroimaging procedure using
MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting changes
associated with blood flow.
, AS Level Psychology (9990) - Case Studies
Exam Question & Answers 2025
- In the simplest fMRI study a participant would alternate between
periods of completing a specific task and a control or rest state to
measure baseline activity.
- The fMRI data is then analysed to identify brain areas in which the
signal changed between the activity and the rest state and it is inferred
that these areas were activated by the task.
- The data from an fMRI an is used to generate images that can
illustrate how the brain is working during different tasks.
- Such a scan allows a living brain to be seen without resorting to
surgery.
1. During the scan, patients are placed in a scanner that sends a strong
magnetic field through their head.
2. The magnetic field causes the nuclei in hydrogen molecules in the
brain to spin in a particular way, and the scanner picks this up.
3. Because hydrogen concentrations vary in different parts of the brain,
the scanner is able to create a very detailed picture of the brain.
1.1 CANLI ET AL. (brain scans and emotions)
Describe what the amygdala is - Correct Answers ✅✅- Areas that
have been shown to have a significant association with emotion and
memory are the subcortical areas of the brain, including the amygdala.
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