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PSYCH 1 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCH 1 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCH 1 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
What lobe of the brain is vision processed in? - Answer-Occipital lobe
Gestalt psychology? - Answer-A school of thought interested in how people naturally
organize their perceptions according to certain patterns. "Figure-Ground", "Closure",
"proximity", and "similarity"
consciousness? - Answer-An individual's awareness of external events and internal
sensations under a condition of arousal including awareness of the self and thoughts
about one's experiences.
What are some examples of altered states of consciousness? - Answer-any condition
which is significantly different from a normal waking beta wave state.
- can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possibly hypnosis, and sensory
deprivation.
What is metacognition? - Answer-Thinking about our thinking processes and how it all
fits together
circadian rhythms? - Answer-CR are daily behavioral or physiological cycles of activity
based on a 24-hour period and influenced by regular variations in the environment, such
as the alternation of night and day. Circadian rhythms include the sleep/wake cycle,
body temperature, blood pressure and blood sugar level.
functions of sleep? - Answer-- physical and mental function.
-Restorative-restore from stress or trauma.
-Adaptive-helps us learn/process new material.
- growth and development: much physical growth occurs while we sleep, children get
sleep inducing melatonin surge earlier in the evening because they require more sleep
because they are growing and developing so much.)
-Important for memory.
learning: - Answer-a systematic, relatively permanent, change in behavior that occurs
through experience.
classical conditioning: - Answer-Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes
associates with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a response
How were Pavlov and Watson involved in this Little Albert? - Answer-The Little Albert
experiment presents and example of how classical conditioning can be used to
condition an emotional response.-little boy rat bunny noise.
, The "Little Albert" experiment was famous and conducted by behaviorist John Watson
and graduate student Rosalie Raynor. Watson was interested in taking Pavlov's
research further to show that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in
people.
- The Little Albert experiment presents, and example of how classical conditioning can
be used to condition an emotional response.
Neutral Stimulus: The white rat, Unconditioned Stimulus: The loud noise Unconditioned
Response: Fear, Conditioned Stimulus: The white rat Conditioned Response: Fear.
Operant Conditioning - Answer-Relies on the notion that a behavior is likely to be
repeated if it is followed by a reward., a form of associative learning, the consequences
of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence.
Operant conditioning terms/skinner - Answer-Positive reinforcement: An increase in the
frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent presentation of something that is
good. (adding something good) Negative reinforcement: An increase in the frequency of
a behavior in response to the subsequent removal of something that is unpleasant.
(taking something bad away) Positive punishment: The presentation of an unpleasant
stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
(spanking)
Negative punishment: The removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in
order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. (taking video games away) Shaping:
Rewarding approximations of desired behavior
Discrimination: Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will
not be reinforced Generalization: Performing a reinforced behavior in a different
situation Intermittent (Partial) reinforcement: The response is reinforced only part of the
time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the
response is more resistant to extinction. There are four schedules of partial
reinforcement:
Encoding: - Answer-The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into
memory storage
Storage: - Answer-The retention of information over time and how this information is
represented in memory.
Retrieval: - Answer-The memory process that occurs when information that was
retained in memory comes our of storage.
Divided attention: - Answer-Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.
multitasking: The ultimate in divided attention. heavy multi-taskers perform worse on a
test of task switching ability, because of decreased ability to filter out interference from
the irrelevant task.
Sustained attention: - Answer-Aka vigilance, the ability to maintain attention to a
selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
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