Lecture notes
Methods in Psychological Research Unit 2
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Unit 2 lecture notes and practice questions
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➔ 6 core principlesdivided intobelmont reportandtheCanadian/American PsychologyAssociation
◆ Belmont Report
● concern for welfare:conduct research that benefitsociety and not cause any
kind of harm (legal, physical, or psychological)
● respect for persons:respect the autonomy, rights,and informed consent of
research participants; understand some populations might unable to provide
autonomous consent
● justice:no group should bear unfair burden of participatingor unfairly
excluded from the study
◆ Canadian/American Psychology Association
● privacy:protect confidentiality
● responsibility:follow rules and standards of societyand work in partnership
with communities to design and administer research
● integrity:strive to be accurate, truthful, and honestwhen reporting [research
rationale, methods, results, and conclusions]
Deeper Dive into The 6 Core Principles
➔ beneficence and concern for welfare
◆ beneficence- research should benefit individuals,communities, and society
◆ non-maleficence- seek to minimize potential social,behavioural, psychological,
physical, and/or economic risks of harm
◆ closely tied w/ other principals
● i.e. protect privacy and responsibility to follow society’s rules
➔ respect for persons
◆ requires autonomy of participants (consent)
◆ protect those that lack capacity to make own decisions (children, individuals’ w/
mental disorder)
◆ autonomy- right to choose/refuse to participatewithout coercion/undue influence
◆ consent- express willingness to participate
● voluntary
● ongoing- most cases granted prior to data collectionand participants are able
to withdraw their consent at any point in the the study
● informed- (see below)
● accessible
● documented- formal consent process; written, verbal,or implicit
◆ real or perceived threats of coercion and/or presence of undue influence can
undermine voluntary consent
● coercion- compelling someone to act using pressure,threats, or force
● undue influence- compelling someone to act via rewards,incentives, or
approval [i.e. large sum of money for participating in a study]
, ◆ informed consent- fully informed on the benefits and risks, procedures for
confidentiality, and right to withdraw before agreeing to participate
● forms provided for this should be < scientific and more written in plain english
(easy to understand)
➔ justice
◆ fairly distribute benefits and risks
◆ ensure fair inclusion and exclusion for the right reasons
◆ equitable treatment- participants treated fairlyand equitably, and adequately
compensated
◆ equitable inclusion- no unfair share of burdens upona group for participating or
unfairly excluded from benefits of the research
◆ oppressive inclusion practices- subjecting a minoritygroup/group to unequal burden of
research risks
◆ oppressive exclusion practices- marginalized groupstend to not reap benefits from
“mainstream” research findings due to [explicit/implicit] exclusion from “general”
research goals
◆ ensure equitable research practices
● match targeted pop. of interest
● convenience not valid reason for inclusion/exclusion
● excluding participants for attributes such as culture, language, religion, sex,
race, disability, sexual orientation, age, ethnicity, gender, linguistic proficiency
is unethical [unless valid reason for exclusion]
➔ importance of privacy
◆ privacy: individual’s rights to protect what informationis shared w/ and by
researchers
◆ confidentiality- obligation to safeguard entrustedinfo
◆ linked to concern for welfare and respect for persons
● releasing private info could put participant at risk (concern for welfare)
● must inform participants how private info would be protected and ensure
confidentiality (respect for persons)
➔ integrity
◆ integrity- strive to be accurate, truthful, and honestas a researcher
◆ types ofresearch misconduct:
● data fabrication:inventing data to fit hypothesis
● data falsification:manipulate results
● plagiarism:take someone else’s idea(s) and representit as one’s own
◆ one form ofdata falsificationis “HARking”
● hypothesis after the results are known
● claiming an unexpected effect was predicted all along
● to avoidthis, researchers should publiclyregistertheir hypothesis, research
design, and data analysis planpriorto collectingand analyzing any data
➔ responsibility to society
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