NURS 231 Pathophys Module 5 Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025
The respiratory system can be divided into what 2 structures? - Answers Conducting airways and respiratory tissues
What are the levels of branching? - Answers Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Where is the site of gas...
The respiratory system can be divided into what 2 structures? - Answers Conducting airways and
respiratory tissues
What are the levels of branching? - Answers Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Where is the site of gas exchange? - Answers Alveoli
What cells are in the alveolar epithelium? - Answers Type 1 and II alveolar cells, macrophages
Describe what happens during inspiration and expiration: - Answers During inspiration, air is drawn into
the lungs as the respiratory muscles expand the chest cavity. During expiration, air moves out of the
lungs as the chest muscles relax and the chest cavity becomes smaller.
What occurs with the diaphragm during inspiration and expiration? - Answers The diaphragm is the main
muscle of inspiration. When the diaphragm contracts (inspiration), the chest expands. Upon expiration,
the chest cavity decreases and pressure inside increases.
What is lung compliance? What factors affect it? - Answers Lung compliance is the ease with which lungs
can be inflated. Elastin, collagen, elastic recoil, and surface tension can affect lung compliance.
Lung Volumes - Answers The amount of air exchanged from a single event during ventilation (measure
by a spirometer)
Tidal Volume (Vt) - Answers normal volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - Answers amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after taking a
normal breath
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - Answers Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after taking a
normal breath
Residual Volume (RV) - Answers Air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration (cant be measured
with spirometer)
Vital Capacity (VC) - Answers amount of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation. (VC=Vt + IRV +
ERV)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - Answers Max amount of air that can be inhaled following a normal expiration
(IC= Vt + IRV)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) - Answers the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal
expiration (FRC= RV + ERV)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - Answers sum of all lung volumes (TLC= IRV + Vt + ERV + RV)
, pulmonary function tests - Answers Observe pulmonary flow in relation to time. Used to diagnose
respiratory disease or to
examine respiratory complaints. Or can be used as a pre op anesthesia or surgical risk evaluation
Maximum voluntary ventilation - Answers measures volume of air a person can move in and out of the
lungs under max effort in
12-15 seconds (L/min)
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) - Answers measures volume of air that can be quickly and forcefully
exhaled following full
Ventilation - Answers the movement of gases into and out of the lungs
Perfusion - Answers the process that allows blood flow to help facilitate gas exchange
Diffusion - Answers the movement of gases across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
Shunt - Answers when blood moves from pulmonary circulation (right side of heart) without being
oxygenated
This results in perfusion without ventilation—low ventilation-perfusion ratio
Dead air space - Answers ventilation without perfusion, resulting in high ventilation-perfusion ratio
What is oxyhemoglobin? - Answers Oxyhemoglobin is the term to describe when hemoglobin is bound
with oxygen.
What is affinity? - Answers The ability of the hemoglobin molecule to bind oxygen in the lungs and
release it in the tissues depends on the affinity of the molecule.
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? - Answers As dissolved carbon dioxide, attached to
hemoglobin, becomes bicarbonate
How is breathing controlled? - Answers The automatic regulation is controlled by both chemoreceptors
and lung receptors. Chemoreceptors monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH and adjusts
ventilation accordingly. Lung receptors monitor breathing patterns and lung function.
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