Other
A-level psychology 16 mark essay plans - psychopathology
- Module
- Psychopathology (7182)
- Institution
- AQA
in detailed plans for every possible 16 mark plan for the psychopathology module. covers both a01 and a03
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
Psychopathology – 16-mark plansOutline and evaluate two definitions of abnormality
A01 – failure to function adequately, Rosenham and Seligman, a person is
considered abnormal if they are unable to cope with the demands of
everyday life and live independently, persons behaviour cause
suffering and distress because of their failure to cope, may also bring
discomfort to others
A03 – good definition respects personal experiences. This definitions
considers the thought and feelings of the person experiencing the
issue and does not simply make a judgement, useful for assessing
behaviour
A03 – bad definition, only includes people struggling to cope with day-to-
day life, excludes psychopaths who may not be struggling to lead
normal life outside of bad actions, also not all maladaptive behaviour
indicates mental health
A01 – deviation from mental health, Marie Jahoda. Defined by the
absence of particular characteristics. She proposed 6 principles for
ideal mental health: positive view of self, personal growth, autonomy,
accurate view reality, resist stress and environmental mastery
A03 – good approach as it is holistic, suggests solutions to the problems
not just diagnosing and respects own experiences. Focuses on
desirable behaviours rather than just the negative, and considers the
whole person, multitude of factors that can affect health
A03 – bad definition, difficult to have all, all of the time, does that mean
everyone is abnormal, unrealistic criteria. There are times when
everyone will experience stress and negativity. Irrespective of
circumstances e.g., grieving a loved one would be deemed abnormal
A03 – ethnocentricity is another issue when defining abnormality, being
independent and self-regulating are particularly found in
individualistic societies where independence is not selfish
, Discuss the two-process model as an explanation of phobias
A01 – behaviourist approach, 2 process model by Mowrer, explains how
phobias are learned through classical conditioning and maintained
through operant conditioning
A01 – learned from classical conditioning, process of learning by
association. Phobias acquired through associative learning. The
process can explain explain something we do not fear a neutral
stimulus e.g., lifts which triggers a fear response e.g., being trapped .
After an association we develop a phobia of the neutral stimulus
A01 – maintained from operant conditioning, phobias are negatively
reinforced, behaviour is strengthened because an unpleasant
consequence is removed. Example lift, if takes the stairs avoiding the
phobia, the avoidance reduces feelings of anxiety and so negatively
reinforces the behaviour
A03 – Watson and Rayner, little albert. Demonstrated process of classical
conditioning. Conditioned albert to fear white rats when every time
they showed him the rat, they made a loud bang, associating the bang
with the rat
A03 – PBS, case study, not representative, difficult to generalise due to
the unique nature of investigation
A03 – humans don’t display phobic responses to objects that cause the
most pain day-to-day, e.g., cars etc. this suggests there much be an
alternate explanation
A03 - suggests there’s an evolutionary nature to be scared of things that
may have been threat in past times e.g., heights, not learned and are
therefore innate as a survival mechanism this is known as biological
preparedness and casts doubt on two process model
A03 – has helped to develop highly effective therapies such as
desensitisation and flooding by understanding how phobias are
learned and then maintained
2
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ashtonedwards0911. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £3.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
58716 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 15 years now