Summary Notes designed for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. These notes are detailed yet concise, with all the information to achieve a 7 in IB Biology HL or SL. These notes were made using information from the IB syllabus, Oxford IB Diploma HL Biology Textbook, Bioninja and the B...
Class notes Biology Oxford IB Diploma Programme: Biology Course Companion
IBDP HL Biology - 2.2 Water Notes
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IB Biology Unit 4- Ecology
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Unit 4.1
• A species is a group of organisms which can breed together and produce fertile, viable
offspring.
• A population is a group of organisms of the same species that are living in the same area and
the same time.
• A community is a group of populations living and interacting together in a given area.
• A habitat is the environment where a species normally lives.
• A community forms an ecosystem by its interaction with the abiotic environment.
• Living organisms obtain chemical energy in two ways:
• Autotrophs (producers) synthesise organic molecules by using energy obtained from:
• The sun during photosynthesis.
• The oxidation of inorganic molecules (chemosynthesis).
• Heterotrophs (consumers) obtain organic molecules from other organisms by:
• ingesting them from living or recently killed organisms (consumers)
• ingesting them from non-living organisms (detritivores)
• secreting digestive enzymes and then absorbing the products (saprotrophs)
• Mixotrophs can act as both consumers and producers
• The supply of inorganic nutrients to the earth is limited, so nutrients are recycled.
• Ecosystems are mostly self-contained and are self-sustainable for long periods of time as they
are able to gain energy and recycle nutrients and wastes.
• Mesocosms are enclosed environments that allow a small part of a natural environment to be
observed under controlled conditions. Steps to make one include:
• A bottom layer pebbles to act as drainage followed by a layer of
activated charcoal to prevent mould.
• A layer of sphagnum moss for separation and then soil on top.
• The terrarium used must be clear and able to be fully sealed.
• Species can show a positive or negative association based on
whether they are found in the same habitat or not.
• The presence of two species can be obtain using quadrat
sampling, where a quadrat (rectangular frame) is placed on the
ground and the types of species in the quadrat is recorded.
• A chi-squared test uses this data to determine if there is a
statistically significant association between the distribution of two species.
Unit 4.2
• Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy.
• Chemical energy in carbon compounds flows through food chains by means of feeding.
• The position an organism occupies within a feeding sequence is known as a trophic level.
• Producers always occupy the first trophic level.
• Organisms in a food web can be part of more than 1 trophic level.
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