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Summary Psychology - Paper 1 (Memory ) AQA A-level
Providing an in depth learning guide of the memory unit of Paper 1 Psychology AQA A - level
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Paper 1 : Topic 2 : Memory2.1 MODELS OF MEMORY
Multi-Store Model (MSM)
Definition:
The Multi-Store Model (MSM), describes memory as having three separate stores: the sensory
register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Each store has distinct
characteristics in terms of capacity, duration, and encoding.
Structure:
1. Sensory Register
○ Capacity: Large (takes in all sensory input).
○ Duration: Very brief (<1 second).
○ Encoding: Modality-specific (e.g., visual in the iconic store, auditory in the
echoic store).
○ Key Point: If attention is paid to sensory input, it transfers to STM.
2. Short-Term Memory (STM)
○ Capacity: Limited (~7±2 items; Miller, 1956).
○ Duration: Around 18–30 seconds without rehearsal (Peterson and Peterson,
1959).
○ Encoding: Mainly acoustic (e.g., repeating words/sounds).
○ Key Process: Maintenance rehearsal keeps information in STM, while
elaborative rehearsal transfers it to LTM.
, 3. Long-Term Memory (LTM)
○ Capacity: Potentially unlimited.
○ Duration: Potentially lifelong (Bahrick et al., 1975).
○ Encoding: Mainly semantic (based on meaning).
Evaluation :
Strength: Supported by case studies (e.g., HM, who had STM intact but impaired LTM, showing
separate stores).
Limitation: Oversimplifies memory processes; research shows STM and LTM are more
interlinked.
Limitation: Lacks explanation for how information flows between stores beyond rehearsal.
Working Memory Model (WMM)
Definition:
The Working Memory Model (WMM), focuses on the STM and proposes multiple components
that handle different types of information.
Structure:
1. Central Executive
○ Directs attention and allocates tasks to other subsystems.
○ Capacity: Very limited.
○ Key Role: Decides which information is prioritized.
e:
2. Phonological Loop
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