Notes to develop knowledge to gain a full understanding of context before writing your coursework on Indian Independence. Written by a student who achieved 3 A*s and an A* in History
1 REORGANISATION
Curzon
Curzon proposed preserving India for the British Empire forever
Curzon had 2 terms of office – 1st was successful, 2nd not so much
o ‘Damaged reputation of empire British in India’ – 50 years later saw them
give up India completely
Curzon had 2 objectives
o Make India less vulnerable to external Lord Curzon’s Profile
shocks Studied at Eton – became
o Make British administration more fascinated about India and the
efficient, more respected and therefore Empire
less vulnerable to criticism and political Described himself as ‘George
threats Nathaniel Curzon, a most superior
Frontier Policy man’
Curzon’s great success was the creation of a He saw the position as viceroy as
buffer zone between the Indo-Gangetic plains destiny and continued writing
and the Afghan tribal areas – beyond lay the letters to politicians repeatedly
Russian Empire highlighting importance of India and
o Curzon replaced British troops (who Empire
were creating tensions) with local His high self regard eventually led to
warriors his downfall in a rivalry between
Curzon expanded Jammu and Kashmir province himself and Lord Kitchener
to mountainous edges of Russian and Chinese o Offered resignation as a
empires – was politically sensitive and cause of tactic and was astonished
war with India and China in 1962 when was accepted
Curzon also believed that Russians were moving
into Tibet (Area ruled by Buddhist monks beyond the Himalaya)
o 1904- Curzon ordered to annex Tibet but machine gunned monks with no
Russians to be found
Administrative Policy
He increased railway network by 10,000km (43k-53k) and area of irrigated land by 3
million hectares
He also mocked the slowness of procedures and cut down reports and surveys
1901 – established a Criminal Investigation Department in every province to provide
secret police reports on Indian political activities
nd
2 Term
Instructed an investigation into Indian education but didn’t include any Indians on
the inquiry committee
o This caused public controversy and the resulting Universities Act 1904 tried to
restrict growth in number of private colleges – Middle class saw this as an
attack on its interest and an insult to its capability
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