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Summary Topic 4- Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms £4.26
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Summary Topic 4- Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms

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Biological diversity – biodiversity – is reflected in the vast number of species of organisms, in the variation of individual characteristics within a single species and in the variation of cell types within a single multicellular organism. Differences between species reflect genetic differe...

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  • January 27, 2025
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3.4.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes

● Both DNA and RNA carry information
● DNA holds genetic information
● RNA then transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
○ made of RNA and proteins
● Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides which consist of
○ pentose
○ 5 carbon sugar
○ nitrogen-containing organic base and phosphate group
● Components of DNA
○ deoxyribose
○ phosphate group
○ one organic base
■ adenine
■ cytosine
■ guanine
■ thymine
■ A+G double ring structures
■ purine bases
● Components of RNA
○ ribose
○ phosphate
○ one organic base
■ adenine
■ cytosine
■ guanine
■ uracil
■ T+U+C single ring structure
■ pyrimidines



In prokaryotic cells,

● DNA molecules are
○ short
○ circular
○ not associated with proteins.

, In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells,

● DNA molecules are
○ very long
○ linear
○ associated with proteins
■ called histones.
● Together a DNA molecule and its associated proteins form a chromosome.
○ chromosomes visible at the start of cell division
■ result of being tightly coiled around the histones
● Mitochondria and chloroplasts contains DNA




The mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells

● also contain DNA which, like the DNA of prokaryotes,
○ is short
○ circular
○ not associated with protein.



A gene is a base sequence of DNA that codes for:

● • the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
● • a functional RNA (including ribosomal RNA and tRNAs).
● A gene occupies a fixed position, called a locus, on a particular DNA molecule.



A sequence of three DNA bases, called a triplet, codes for a specific
amino acid. The genetic code is universal, non-overlapping and
degenerate.

● each triplet known as a codon
● amino acids joined together by peptide bonds and form a polypeptide chain

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