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20 pages of detailed essay plans written by a top student (predicted an A and achieved an A* in mocks). It covers Italy between 1911 and 1946.
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Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy 1911-46 – 20 marks essay plansThe Liberal State
How far was the rise of Italian nationalism as a political force the main reason for the failure of the Giolitti programme?
Introduction
- rise of Italian nationalism, Libyan war and the failure of transformismo
- the failure of the programme could be judged by the co-operation evident with Giolitti
Paragraph 1 – rise of Italian nationalism
- after the victory in the Libyan war the nationalism became a popular topic – popular amongst the elite
- National Congress held in 1910 – wanted more spending on military and greater role for Italy – away from
Transformismo so failure of transformismo
- counter = the rise of Italian nationalism came from the impact of Franchise extension of 1912
- difficult to deny vote to Italy’s conscript soldiers who were fighting in Libya (many didn’t have the required literacy
level) – 1912: vote was given to all men over 30
- although provided the nationalists with mass support did the same for Catholics – Pope Pius IX and Leo XII forbade
Catholics to vote in national elections, increased influence through Opera dei Congressi, had 24 daily newspapers and
had 155 journals by 1897
- could be said it was combination of both Catholics and Nationalists that led to the failure of the Giolitti programme –
led to parties becoming more separate which is against the aims of transformismo
- overall without the increased mass support due to the Libyan war both nationalism and Catholics would become a
considerable force – no co-operation shown
Paragraph 2 – Libyan War
- the Libyan War was the main reason for failure
- a second expansion after the French had consolidated control in Morocco gained support of influential nationalists,
catholic organisations and uniting the Italian people behind his liberal government – were financial interests in Libya
- 29th September 1911 invasion of Libya – Italy’s naval forces seized most of Libya’s ports and coastal towns within 3
weeks with 70,000 troops
- Italy had to keep 50,000 troops in Libya and costed 3,500 Italian deaths
- gained support of Giolitti’s government but had universal consequences
- Libyan war destroyed Giolitti’s co-operation with the PSI who were the basis of transformismo – revolutionary wing of
the party seized control and rejected further co-operation with Giolitti i.e. the radical socialist of Mussolini was
appointed editor of socialist newspaper
- shows how the war lost him support
- however – war led to the impact of Franchise Extension
- 70% of Italy’s voters were potentially illiterate
- 1912 – vote was given to all men who completed military and all over 30
- mass suffrage gave the nationalists support – gaining influence and critical of the liberals
- more important than the rise of nationalism as the Libyan war showed these weaknesses causing nationalism to rise
Paragraph 3 – failure of transformismo
- transformismo was the method used by liberal politicians – method of making a flexible centrist coalition of
government which isolated the extremes of the left and right in Italian politics a
- for Giolitti – a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies
- the failure of transformismo – impacts shown with the different parties
- for example – socialists
- June 1914 PSI claimed strike after 3 shot in Ancona ‘’Red Week’’ – Italy in chaos for a week and ended after trade
unions agreed to call off strike but riots showed difficulty to reunite
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