Textual Variations, Representations & Language
Analysis: LaPPDoGGS
Genre
● How the genre affects the DISCOURSE
● How this affects COHESION
● How this affects the REGISTER
● Relationship between reader & writer
Audience
● Location of a text may provide info
● Newspapers: The Daily Mail, The Sun, Daily Star, Metro
● Guardian, The Telegraph, The Times
● Men or Women
● ABC1 / C2DE
● Social media users?
● Fans of a particular topic
● Etiquette of the style which affects the PRAGMATICS
● Focus on limitations & affordances of the text, what is the writer
limited to communicate?
● Advances in tech have allowed a variation of communication
Purpose
● What is the writer trying to communicate?
● Why is language used in a certain way?
● How does this affect the register?
● MEANINGS & REPRESENTATIONS
● Things the writer is trying to communicate:
a) Positive impact on…
b) Importance of…
c) Gender roles & attitudes towards…
d) How the writer portrays a person / subject / idea
e) How …… has impacted society
f) Importance to culture / British culture
Mode
● Multimodal (Polystylistic)
a) More than one mode of communication. Writing & images
b) Salient features (most noticeable/important)
c) Graphology
● Mixed Mode
a) Printed text contains features expected in conversation
b) Blogs, texts & emails
c) Actual Receiver / Implied Receiver
● Connected to REGISTER & FORMALITY
Lexis
, ● Register
● Howard Giles: Accommodation Theory
● Occupational Register
● Dialect
● Slang
● Jargon
● Colloquial Lexis
● Taboo Lexis
● Emotive Lexis
● Neologisms
a) Compounding: Putting two words together: ‘upbeat’
b) Blending: Mixing different parts of words together: ‘brunch’
c) Derivation: Words that are formed by acronyms
d) Eponym: Formed by cultural meanings of surnames
e) Coinage: Brand new words
f) Affixation: Existing words are modified by adding a prefix or
suffix
g) Back Formation: When a noun changes from a verb but shortens
h) Initialism: The initial letters are pronounced separately
i) Abbreviation: Shortened words eg. bicycle to bike
j) Acronym: Each letter stands for a word eg. scuba
k) Conversion: When a word changes word class: hammered to
hammer
l) Borrowing: Taking words from other languages: ‘karaoke’
Semantics
● Denotation & Connotation
● Semantic Ambiguity (Polysemous Lexis)
● Colloquation
● Simile
● Metaphor
● Semantic Field
● Synonyms
● Antonyms
● Semantic Change
● Hypernyms: words that label categories
● Hyponyms: words that can be included in the general category
● Idioms & Idiomatic Phrases
Grammar
● Content Words
● Function Words
● Nouns
● Adjectives
● Verbs
● Prefix
● Suffix
● Morpheme: Smallest unit in a word that cannot be broken down
eg. Orientalism (proper noun, adjective, abstract noun)
Analysis: LaPPDoGGS
Genre
● How the genre affects the DISCOURSE
● How this affects COHESION
● How this affects the REGISTER
● Relationship between reader & writer
Audience
● Location of a text may provide info
● Newspapers: The Daily Mail, The Sun, Daily Star, Metro
● Guardian, The Telegraph, The Times
● Men or Women
● ABC1 / C2DE
● Social media users?
● Fans of a particular topic
● Etiquette of the style which affects the PRAGMATICS
● Focus on limitations & affordances of the text, what is the writer
limited to communicate?
● Advances in tech have allowed a variation of communication
Purpose
● What is the writer trying to communicate?
● Why is language used in a certain way?
● How does this affect the register?
● MEANINGS & REPRESENTATIONS
● Things the writer is trying to communicate:
a) Positive impact on…
b) Importance of…
c) Gender roles & attitudes towards…
d) How the writer portrays a person / subject / idea
e) How …… has impacted society
f) Importance to culture / British culture
Mode
● Multimodal (Polystylistic)
a) More than one mode of communication. Writing & images
b) Salient features (most noticeable/important)
c) Graphology
● Mixed Mode
a) Printed text contains features expected in conversation
b) Blogs, texts & emails
c) Actual Receiver / Implied Receiver
● Connected to REGISTER & FORMALITY
Lexis
, ● Register
● Howard Giles: Accommodation Theory
● Occupational Register
● Dialect
● Slang
● Jargon
● Colloquial Lexis
● Taboo Lexis
● Emotive Lexis
● Neologisms
a) Compounding: Putting two words together: ‘upbeat’
b) Blending: Mixing different parts of words together: ‘brunch’
c) Derivation: Words that are formed by acronyms
d) Eponym: Formed by cultural meanings of surnames
e) Coinage: Brand new words
f) Affixation: Existing words are modified by adding a prefix or
suffix
g) Back Formation: When a noun changes from a verb but shortens
h) Initialism: The initial letters are pronounced separately
i) Abbreviation: Shortened words eg. bicycle to bike
j) Acronym: Each letter stands for a word eg. scuba
k) Conversion: When a word changes word class: hammered to
hammer
l) Borrowing: Taking words from other languages: ‘karaoke’
Semantics
● Denotation & Connotation
● Semantic Ambiguity (Polysemous Lexis)
● Colloquation
● Simile
● Metaphor
● Semantic Field
● Synonyms
● Antonyms
● Semantic Change
● Hypernyms: words that label categories
● Hyponyms: words that can be included in the general category
● Idioms & Idiomatic Phrases
Grammar
● Content Words
● Function Words
● Nouns
● Adjectives
● Verbs
● Prefix
● Suffix
● Morpheme: Smallest unit in a word that cannot be broken down
eg. Orientalism (proper noun, adjective, abstract noun)
