This document is a summary of "New Ideas and New Ideas during Cold War" to help revise for the 'Component 4' (CIE History 9389) examination this June. These notes are specifically made for 'Cambridge International AS and A level History 9389' (Depth study 3: International History, )
New Leaders and New Ideas
(Depth Study 3: International History, 1945-1991)
(Cambridge International AS and A level History 9389)
1954-1950, developments Cold War affected by Europe events. Post 1950, course
influenced by:
- Events Asia
- Nuclear Arms Race
- Change leadership + better relations USA + USSR
Eisenhower + Dulles in USA: roll back, Brinkmanship + New Look
Eisenhower (Republican) elected 1952. Nickname = ‘Ike’, had distinguished mili. background
(Commander Normandy 1944). After WW2 was US Army Chief Staff + Commander in Chief
NATO.
His background unlikely weak on Communism. He + Dulles (Secretary State) anti
Communist. Dulles loud in condemnation USSR system
1952 pres. Election campaign, Dulles talked ‘roll-black’, liberating countries held by USSR in
E.E, never happened. Eisenhower never attempted free countries from USSR control. US
encouraged rebellions E.E. 1953-56, not use opportunities extend ‘US sphere influence’.
Eisenhower developed “New Look” policy of Containment. Was preventing extension USSR
outside areas already established, without opportunity expand, soviet system collapses on
itself.
Eisenhower put “New” Containment policy practice by:
- Setting alliances encircle USSR, like SEATO.
- Using mili. Power protect vulnerable areas, like W. Berlin.
- Assisting forces fighting Comm (like Diem in S. Nam).
- Using CIA for covert operations more extensively.
- Increased reliance nukes. National security doc. 1953. Conventional weapons smaller
role defence.
- Brinkmanship. Threats massive retaliation Containment. Brink of nuke war as
intimidate aggressor back down.
Dulles said take chances achieve peace + war.
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