Lecture notes
Respiratory (BS)
- Module
- Body Systems
- Institution
- University Of Leeds (UoL)
Body Systems STRAND 1 - Respiratory medicine and anatomy
[Show more]
2 reviews
By: maria30 • 1 year ago
By: mrkhan1 • 1 year ago
Content preview
BODY SYSTEMSRESPIRATORY
,Medic_Summaries (Body Systems)
Respiratory Strand
Respiratory system utilised for:
- Gas exchange
- Speech
- Smell
Functional divisions of the respiratory system:
- Conducting portion:
- From the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchi
- Transports air
- Conditions air (warm, moisten, filter)
- Has four paranasal sinuses (warm, moisten, filter)
- Sinus: space within skull
- Paranasal: next to the nasal cavity
- Respiratory portion:
- Thin, moist, delicate membrane (alveoli)
- Site of gaseous exchange
Conchae:
- Air passes into the nasal cavity over ridges called conchae
- These create turbulence and condition the air (warm, moisten, filter)
Problems:
- Pathogens thrive in this environment (pass in through sinuses and fester in mucus)
- Sinuses fill up from the bottom and therefore only empty when full
Frontal sinus: found in the frontal lobe
Ethmoidal cells: found in the bridge of the nose
Sphenoid sinus: found above the torus tubarius
Maxillary sinus: found above the maxilla (largest sinus)
Basic anatomy:
- Uvula hangs from roof of mouth (closes nasopharynx to stop food entering nasal cavity)
- Air passes down the pharynx to the oesophagus/trachea, passing the larynx (voice box)
- The trachea splits into two primary bronchi (left/right) before entering the lungs
- Mediastinum encloses the heart, major vessels, nerves, the trachea and the oesophagus
Lungs:
- Right lung:
- Trilobal (superior, middle and inferior lobes)
- Shorter, broader and larger
- An oblique fissure divides superior/inferior and middle/inferior lobes
- A horizontal fissure divides superior/middle lobes
- Left lung:
- Bilobal (superior and inferior lobes)
- Taller, narrower and smaller
- An oblique fissure divides superior/inferior lobes
2 Adapted from Lectures at the University of Leeds Medical School
, Medic_Summaries (Body Systems)
Medial view:
- Lung roots connect lungs to mediastinal structures
- Medial surface contains series of holes
- Most posterior is cartilaginous bronchi
Pulmonary arteries: take deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary veins: take oxygenated blood away from the lungs
Conducting portion:
- Consists trachea and primary, secondary (lobar), tertiary (segmental) and terminal bronchi
- Where the trachea bifurcates is called the CARINA
- Within each lobe of a lung are a series of segments (each with separate arterial/air supply)
- If part of a lung gets damaged, the lung can still function (segmental damage)
Respiratory portion:
- Consists branches of terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchiole/alveolar sacs
- Emphysema is an enlargement of the alveolar sacs, causing damage to the alveolar walls
- The hilum of the lung is the region through which structures comprising the lung root pass
Functional vs. anatomical:
- Functional:
- Conducting portion
- Respiratory portion
- Anatomical:
- Upper respiratory tract (URT) - nasal cavity to larynx/sinuses (common cold)
- Lower respiratory tract (LRT) - trachea to bronchi in lungs (pneumonia)
The thoratic cage:
- Functions:
- Protection:
- Forms a cage around vital organs (including upper abdominal organs)
- Respiration:
- Changes in thoracic volume manipulate the intrathoracic pressure
- Changes in pressure induce movement of air into/out of the lungs
- Anatomy:
- Twelve pairs of ribs (T1-12)
- All ribs attach posteriorly to the vertebral column
- True ribs (T1-7):
- Directly connect to the sternum
- Have their own cartilage
- False ribs (T8-10):
- Indirectly connect to the sternum
- Connect using the cartilage of superior ribs
- Floating ribs (T11/12):
- Do not connect to the sternum at all
- Sternal angle:
- Groove between the manubrium and the sternal body
- Manubrium ridges inferiorly and the sternum dips (can feel on patient’s chest)
- This is where T2 (second thoracic rib) joins the sternum
Breathing (external respiration):
- Alternating increase/decrease in thoracic volume, via movements of the thoracic wall
- Three planes of movement:
- Vertical (sagittal)
- Anteroposterior (coronal)
- Transverse (horizontal)
- Inspiration: diaphragm contracts, thorax volume increases, pressure drops, air enters
- Expiration: diaphragm relaxes, thorax volume decreases, pressure rises, air leaves
- NB. When atmospheric pressure is greater than lung pressure, air passively enters lung
3 Adapted from Lectures at the University of Leeds Medical School
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller medicsummaries. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £5.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
57413 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now