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Summary Deformation - Unconformities, Folds and Faults

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In-depth notes explaining stress-strain graphs, factors affecting stress and strain, unconformities, folding, and faults (dip-slip and strike-slip)

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  • September 1, 2020
  • 4
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

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Deformation: Unconformities, Folds and Faults
Deformation of Rocks: Stress-Strain Graphs
Stress – forces applied to a rock

• Tensional Stress = pull apart
• Compressional Stress = move together

Strain – the deformation caused by the stress

Stress-Strain Graphs Key Words:

Elastic Deformation – no permanent deformation, will recover after
stress is removed

Plastic/Ductile Deformation – permanent change in shape

Fracture Point – when the rock starts to break

Elastic Limit – marks the start of permanent deformation

Brittle Response – yield strength of the material has been exceeded and the material fails in a brittle way

Factors Affecting Stress and Strain

• Temperature
• Composition of rock/strength
• Confining pressure
• Strain rate



Taking Dips and Strikes


Strike 1 Angle/direction of no dip
True Dip (dip amount) 4 The maximum angle of dip a rock can have
Dip Direction 2 Direction in which the rock is tilted
Apparent Dip Direction 3 Any angle between 0 (strike) and maximum tilt




Unconformities
Unconformity – a boundary that marks a hiatus (break) in deposition, a period of erosion. It represents a time
gap

Development of an Unconformity

1) Horizontal deposition (oldest at the bottom)
2) Tilting due to tectonic compression
3) Erosion of surface
4) Deposition of new materials

The unconformity is the boundary between the new material and eroded

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