This document sums up all the important information concerning Performance. Performance is one of the fourteen subjects that a student pilot needs to pass in order to continue the ATPL-training program. It is written by myself and can therefore contain faults. I tried to cover all of the required i...
, Requirements and performance classes
Incidents and accidents usually result in changing the procedures or performance calculations,
because certain weaknesses become visible here. Some changes are implied very fast, while
others, like ETOPS, are being introduced more gradually.
ETOPS – Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards. The use of computers
made manual calculation failures far less common. So, this became much safer.
Many performance calculations are based on an ‘engine-out’ situation: how does this failure affect
our operation?
Certification
When aircrafts are produced, they meet two types of regulations:
- FAR’s – Federal Airworthiness Requirements
- JAR’s – Joint Airworthiness Requirements
Since 2003, EASA is responsible for the regulation of airworthiness requirements within EU-states,
so specific EU-documents were created. The performance requirements are in EASA’s CS23
(smaller planes) and CS25 (bigger planes) The original names were JAR23 and JAR25.
Once all performance requirements are okay, an aircraft will get a Type Certificate.
EU-OPS: second level of regulation to ensure that an aircraft is safe to operate in the public
transport role.
Measuring performance
Measured performance: data produced from pre-production
aircraft.
Gross performance: estimated fleet average performance.
Most planes will perform this way, some
might perform better or poorer. You are
at least as likely to achieve gross
performance standards as not. So, a
50% change.
You can apply safety margins, as shown in the above picture. The border is called your safety
standard or net performance. The area between the gross and net performance is your safety
margin. Different parameters use different net performance standards. The ‘location’ of the net
performance is a balance between safety & operating costs.
Net performance: a safety standard which has a determined risk level. For example:
1:100.000 chance for a failure.
Extra safety margin: to meet certain performance
standards, the above example of
1:100.000 would only need a 1:10
extra safety margin to meet a standard
of 1:1.000.000
Important to understand is that a risk to an accident can never be reduced to 0, even when the
right techniques and counter-measures are being used.
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