These notes are for IEB Grade 12 History. They include information about Apartheid in the 1970s and 1980s. It includes notes on Black Consciousness, the Soweto Uprising, Internal and External resistance to Apartheid and PW Botha's Total Onslaught Total Strategy. These topics are examined in the IEB...
There was an increase in civil society protest in the 1960s due to state repression
The ANC and PAC were banned after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960
- Their leaders were exiled or imprisoned
- Many ANC members imprisoned in 1963 after the Rivonia Trial
News was censored
- No anti-government information was published
There was an increase in police and military power in the 1960s
- People could be held in detention indefinitely
- Increase in house arrests
- Increase in banning orders
- Compulsory military service (conscription)
- More money was spent on defence
Bantustans were created
- This was a promotion of the Self-Governance Act of 1959
- It gave independence to the homelands
o Transkei, Ciskei, Venda and Bophuthatswana
There was an increase in guerilla warfare
- uMkhonto we Sizwe and Poqo had bases in neighbouring countries
o Military wings of the ANC and PAC
Black Consciousness gained popularity
- It was a movement to liberate Africans from oppression
- It influenced the PAC, Black Power Movement and the Student Movement
, Apartheid 1970s and 1980s
Black Consciousness
Black consciousness was a response to state repression
- The banning of political parties and activists
- The creation of the Homelands
- The increase in military power
Black consciousness was an ideology and an attitude
- Belief that Africans should seize freedom from oppression
- Encouraged pride in African heritage and roots
- Emphasis on self-reliance without white liberal help
- Encouraged action to end Apartheid by any means necessary
Influenced
Steve Biko created SASO (South African Students Organisation) in 1968
The PAC and their idea of African Unity (“Africa for Africans”)
Black Power Movement in the USA
Steve Biko created the Black People’s Convention (BPC)
- The BPC was an umbrella organisation which included several organisations
o Black trade unions (Black Allied Workers Union)
o Community projects (Zanempilo Clinic)
o Student movements (South African Students Movement)
The students' movements organised the Soweto Uprising
SASO
Encouraged students to liberate themselves
They promoted African unity and solidarity
They made university students politically aware
, Apartheid 1970s and 1980s
Long term causes of the Soweto Uprising
Economic causes
There was an economic boom in the 1960s
- Urbanisation increased as a result of industrialisation
- There was a lack of basic amenities in towns due to overcrowding
o People were frustrated
There was an oil crisis in the 1970s
- This led to unemployment amongst unskilled labourers
- Many people were unskilled labourers due to Bantu Education
1973 Strikes
There was general dissatisfaction with working conditions and wages
- Over 3 months in 1973, 61 000 workers went on strike
o They gained better wages and working conditions
o Employers began to recognise illegal trade unions
o Others were inspired to become proactive (mobilisation)
Independence of neighbouring states
There were successful liberation movements in neighbouring states
- MPLA in Angola and FRELIMO in Mozambique
- Their victory inspired South African liberation groups
The ANC and PAC established military bases closer to South Africa
Bantu Education (Bantu Education Act of 1953)
The government provided inferior education to people of colour
- They spent 5 times more on white education
o There was a lack of adequate teachers and equipment
- There were poor results and a high drop-out rate
o Led to a lack of skilled labour
- Youth were bitter and angry at this inferior education
o They were determined to do something about it
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