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Unit 2, learning aim B
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- PEARSON (PEARSON)
Practical scientific procedures and techniques, learning aim B, Distinction grade level, complete with graphs, tables and calculations included.
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Sarah Hill – 175220 Unit 2 -Undertake calorimetry to study cooling curvesUnit 2: practical scientific procedures and techniques.
Learning aim B: Undertake calorimetry to study cooling
curves
Introductions: In this report, it will correctly demonstrate and obtain different
types of data when using different equipment to construct accurate cooling
curves, whilst determining the rate of cooling curves accurately represented on
graphs. The report will accurately show an analysis of the rate of cooling of a
substance from the data collected. Then data will be collected by drawing up
accurate conclusions and finally evaluating the accuracy of practical work in
the calorimetry in relation to the analysis of the cooling curve.
Everything is made up into tiny particles although there are three main states
of matter these are solid, liquid and gases. Gases are well separated with no
regular or uniformed arrangement, although liquids are closer together they
still have no uniformed arrangement and finally solids are well packed with a
uniformed arrangement. Solids have a fixed shape, meaning it can not be
compressed or poured. Liquid particles can move around and slide over one
another, these can be poured but no compressed. Finally, gases are widley
spaced and can move around at random, these can be compressed and then
can flow. Solids can be metals such a copper and iron, liquids can be liquids
such as water and milk and gases are things such as helium and xenon.
Risk assessment for calorimetry:
There are multiple hazards when performing these experiments with a group
of students in a classroom laboratory, this can mean broken glassware or
spillages of chemicals. When working with glassware there can be risks such as
broken or chipped test tubes, which can lead to scratching or cutting
themselves, therefore leading to potential infections, which can be critical.
Another potential hazard is a chemical spillage on the floor or potential spillage
on another student, this could then lead to spillages on the floor, causing falls,
leading to later complications. The steric acid used in one of the experiments
can cause skin irritation, this can be harmful if absorbed through the skin, also
steric acids may cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea and vomiting.
Ingesting paraffin wax can irritate the eyes and the respiratory tract especially
for sensitive people. It may also cause acute nausea, deepening on the person.
Paraffin wax can cause extreme burns to the skin.
It's not only chemicals that can cause problems. During the calorimetry, heat
plates are used to heat the chemicals, these heat plates can reach
, Sarah Hill – 175220 Unit 2 -Undertake calorimetry to study cooling curves
extraordinary temperatures, meaning they could cause a lot of harm if
someone was to come into contact with one, or the chemical that was being
heated. During a method, a beaker of boiling water is required to properly
melt the stearic acid, this can cause many risks such as if it comes into contact
with the skin it could cause severe burns.
Equipment needed:
- Hot plate
- Beaker
- Test tube
- Stearic acid
- Paraffin wax
- Kettle
- Water
- Ice cubes
- Scales
- Dish
- Heatproof mat
- Manual thermometer
- Digital thermometer
- Timer/stopwatch
Method:
Method for melting paraffin wax:
1. Calibrate all equipment before starting.
2. Weigh out between 3-5g of paraffin wax
3. Place into a dish and place on to the heat plate and then allow the wax
to completely melt, but do not allow the wax to boil.
4. Then remove the paraffin wax from the heat plate and place this on to a
heatproof mat
5. Take the initial temperature reading and record the result.
6. Then take the temperature every 30 seconds until the wax fully
solidifies, until the thermometer can no longer be placed into the
paraffin wax.
7. Plot these results onto a graph, then use the graph to work out the rate
of cooling.
Melting the stearic acid:
1. Calibrate all equipment before starting.
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