This document is a complete collection of Paper 1 topics including Social influence, Memory, Attachment and Psychopathology. The questions on this document cover these topics in summary, with an easy Question-Answer structure these can be used to revise and prepare for the exams with ease. Several ...
Q&A Summary of Paper One Topics
Contents
Q&A Summary of Paper One Topics ................................................................................................................................. 1
Social Influence (Paper 1) ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Types of Conformity .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Explanations of Conformity....................................................................................................................................... 2
Studies of Conformity ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Variables affecting Conformity (GUT) ........................................................................................................................... 2
Explanations for Obedience (LA)................................................................................................................................... 3
Variables Affecting Obedience (PPAL) .......................................................................................................................... 3
Explanations of resistance to social influence .............................................................................................................. 3
Variables affecting Minority Influence (CFC) ................................................................................................................ 4
Role of Social Influence in Social Change ...................................................................................................................... 4
Evaluating Social Change .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Memory (Paper 1) ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
The multi-store model of Memory ............................................................................................................................... 5
Types of Long-term Memory ........................................................................................................................................ 5
The Working Memory Model ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Explanations of Forgetting ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Factors affecting the accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony ............................................................................................. 6
Improving the accuracy of EWT .................................................................................................................................... 7
Attachment (Paper 1)........................................................................................................................................................ 8
Caregiver-infant interactions in humans ...................................................................................................................... 8
Role of the father .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Animal studies of attachment ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Explanations of attachment .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’................................................................................................................................... 10
Cultural variations ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation ................................................................................................................... 11
Effects of Institutionalisation ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships ........................................................................ 11
Psychopathology (Paper 1) ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Definitions of abnormality .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Clinical Characteristics ................................................................................................................................................ 13
The behavioural approach to explaining and treating phobias .................................................................................. 13
The cognitive approach to explaining and treating depression ................................................................................. 14
The biological approach to explaining and treating OCD ........................................................................................... 15
, 2
Social Influence (Paper 1)
Types of Conformity
❖ Define conformity in terms of social influence
o A change in beliefs or behaviours by an individual or group to fit in with a majority because of real
or imagined pressure
▪ Remember By: What – who – why – justify
❖ Name and briefly describe the Three Types of conformity
o Compliance – the lowest level of conformity, a short-term change where a person changes public
behaviour but not their private beliefs (often the result of NSI)
o Identification – the middle level of conformity, a short-term change where a person changes public
behaviour and private beliefs but only while in the presence of a group (often the result of NSI)
o Internalisation – the deepest level of conformity, long-term change where a person changes their
public behaviour and private beliefs permanently (often the result of ISI)
Explanations of Conformity
❖ Outline the Two Explanations of Conformity
o Normative Social Influence – when a person conforms to be accepted and to feel they belong.
Socially rewarding and is often done to avoid social rejection
▪ Examined by Asch (123 male students) – lack of ecological & population validity
o Informational Social Influence – when a person conforms to gain knowledge, or they believe
someone else is right. The person genuinely believes that their new beliefs are true to them
▪ Examined by Jenness (101 students)
Studies of Conformity
❖ Outline Asch's study into conformity (AO1)
o Examined the extent to which social pressure from a unanimous majority affects conformity in an
unambiguous situation.
o Sample of 123 male students who were deceived about the line judgement task where one naïve
participant was placed in a room with confederates. There were 18 trials, of which 13 were critical,
where the confederates gave the incorrect answer
o The real participants conformed 32% of the time. 74% conformed at least once, and 26% never
conformed. In a follow up most said they followed along to fit in.
❖ Evaluate the study
o One issue is the lack of population validity → biased sample of 123 male students → cannot
generalise to females as we don't know if females would act in the same way
▪ YEAR 2 POINTS: There are also issues with beta bias as the gender differences are minimised
o Another issue is the question of ethics → participants were deliberately deceived → Asch was not
treating his participants with integrity and respect, which could have resulted in mental harm
▪ YEAR 2 POINTS: Deception was necessary to avoid demand characteristics that were
required for the results.
Variables affecting Conformity (GUT)
❖ Outline and describe the three variables affecting conformity
o Group Size – a variation of Asch which has shown that conformity reaches its highest level with just
three confederates (32%). However, an excess of confederates may lead to real pts. Becoming
suspicious.
o Unanimity – refers to the extent that members of a majority agree with one another.
o Task Difficulty – examined in Asch's variations; however, a percentage was not reported because it
may have been the result of NSI
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