College aantekeningen
Class notes introduction
- Vak
- Instelling
biology is the study of all living organisms
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LEAF (PHYLLOPODIUM)The leaf is a lateral generally flattened structure borne on the stem. The leaves develop from the nodes.
Their main function is photosynthesis and food making, axillary buds are found in its axil. All the leaves of
a plant is known as phyllome. Axillary bud later develops into a branch. Leaves originated from shoot
apical meristem and are arranged in acropetal order.
Leaf is divided into 3 main parts :
Leaf base (Hypopodium) –
✧ Leaves are attached to stem by leaf base.
✧ In some plants, leaf base becomes swollen and is called pulvinus which is responsible for sleep
movement e.g., Cassia, mimosa, bean.
✧ In some plants, leaf base expands into sheath (Sheathing leaf base), e.g., grasses and banana
(monocots).
✧ When the leaf base partially encloses the stem, it is called semi amplexicaul e.g., Prickly poppy,
Calotropis procera (Madar).
✧ It completely encloses the stem, it is called amplexicaul e.g., Sonchus, Polygonum.
Petiole (Mesopodium) –
✧ The part of leaf connecting the lamina with the branch of stem. Petiole help to hold the blade to light.
✧ In Eichhornia petiole swell and in citrus it is winged.
✧ Petiole is modified in tendrils in Nepenthes.
✧ In Australian acacia petiole is modified in phyllode.
✧ Long thin flexible petiole allow leaf blade to flutter in air, thereby cooling the leaf and bringing fresh
air to leaf.
Lamina (Epipodium) – It is a broad and flattened part of leaf. Its main functions are photosynthesis
and transpiration. Shape of lamina are :
✧ Acicular – Lamina is long and pointed, like a needle. eg. Pinus
✧ Lanceolate – In this type lamina is pointed or narrower at the ends while broader in the middle. eg.
Bamboo, Nerium
✧ Linear – The lamina is long and narrow having parallel margins. eg. Grass
✧ Ovate – In this type lamina is egg-shaped having broad base with slight narrow top. eg. Ocimum,
Banyan, China rose.
✧ Cordate – Its shape is like a heart. eg. Betel.
Corporate Office: CP Tower, IPIA, Road No.1, Kota (Raj.), Ph: 0744-3040000 (6 lines) PLANT MORPHOLOGY 99
, ✧ Oblong – Long and broad lamina. eg. Banana
✧ Sagittate – The lamina is triangular in shape. eg. Sagittaria
✧ Spathulate – The lamina is broad spoon shaped. eg. Calendula
✧ Orbicular or Rotund – In this types the lamina is spherical. eg. Lotus.
✧ Elliptical or Oval – In this type the middle part of lamina is broad while the ends are narrow and
oval. eg. Guava.
✧ Oblique – In this types midrib divides, lamina into two unequal halves. eg. Bignonia, Neem.
Stipules :
Leaves of some plants have lateral appendages on either side of leaf base, known as stipules. If stipules are
present in leaf it is called stipulated leaf, if it is absent then leaf is called exstipulated.
Stipules are of various types –
Free lateral – They are independently present on both sides of leaf base. eg. Hibiscus rosasinensis
(China rose)
Interpetioler – When two leaves are meet oppositely at the node then nearest stipules of each leaf join
with each other. In this way only two stipules of two leaves are found in place of four. eg. Ixora,
Anthocephalus.
Intrapetioler – In this type both stipules of a single leaf join with each other to form a single stipule.
eg. Gardenia
Foliaceous – These type of stipules form a leaf like structure. eg. Pea
10 Corporate Office: CP Tower, IPIA, Road No.1, Kota (Raj.), Ph: 0744-3040000 (6 lines) PLANT MORPHOLOGY 10
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