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chapter 32 summary and focused review questions with answers
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Immunologic Disorders CHAPTER 32 page 577 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) The disease it causes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and a cure has not been found . Worldwide, 1 in 5 people at risk of becoming infected with HIV has access to prevention services. disease has come to be viewed less as a fatal illness and more as a manageable chronic condition. History appeared as early as the 1940s, but it was not recognized as a new pathogen until the early 1980s. began to show up in the United States, primarily among urban populations of men who have sex with men (MSM). In 1986 two types of ( HIV-1 and HIV -2) were isolated as the viruses that cause AIDS. HIV-1 is the predominant type around the world while HIV-2 is mostly confined to West Africa. HIV-1 being more easily transmissible and more likely to be progressive than HIV -2. When references are made to HIV without specifying a type, it can be assumed to be HIV -1 because it is so much more common. Demographics According to (CDC 2017) 1.1 million, from 2008 to 2014 were living in the United States with diagnosed HIV infection, and the number s declined by 18% in 2015 . Age group in 2016 the highest rate of new diagnoses was among persons aged 25 to 29 years. (CDC 2017) Gay or bisexual males accounted for most new cases in the 13 - to 24-year -old. largest percentage are among African Americans, followed by Caucasians five primary tra nsmission categories: 1. Male -to-male sexual contact 2. Injection drug use 3. Heterosexual (male -to-female) contact 4. Mother -to-child (perinatal) transmission 5. Other : by exposure to body fluids (blood, semen, breast milk, vaginal secretions) not by lifestyle or sexual orientation. virus has been found in low concentrations in the saliva, tears, and urine of infected individuals, but no recorded cases of transmission from these fluids exist. Pathophysiology HIV causes destruction of immune cells , falls in retroviruses category. transcription of genetic material is reversed. (RNA) is made into (DNA) rather than the normal pattern of DNA to RNA Life Cycle of H IV First it penetrates the body through blood and body fluids , is spherical in shape and has two proteins markers that protrude from the virus. Once HIV attaches to the macrophages and T4 helper cells in the body, it infuses its genetic material into the host cell. The reverse transcriptase enzyme then transcribes H IV RNA into HIV DNA and inserts the HIV DNA into the host's DNA. Once the HIV DNA is incorporated into the host cell's DNA, billions of copies of HIV are made. Over time HIV destroys CD4+ T cells faster than the body can replace them. When the patient's immune response is severely impaired, opportunistic infections can gain access. Body's Response to HIV Once infected with HIV, the body mounts a defense with antibodies and T cells. 12 weeks after infection, the body produces enough antibodies to be detected by standard HIV testing. Throughout the course of HIV infection, the body maintains high levels of HIV antibodies. and CD4 and CD 8 cells continue to decline . Men who have sex with men should be screened at least once each year.Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
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