Samenvatting
SCC Empire Summary
- Instelling
- Fontys Hogeschool (Fontys)
Lerarenopleiding Engels jaar 3 Fontys. Uitgebreide samenvatting SCC Empire, met begrippen, gebeurtenissen, jaartallen en namen
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SCC EmpireEarly Empire and Explorers
British Empire developed over a period of almost 400 years. Motivess
- The setlemeet of surplus populatioe (ie some casess setlemeet of uewaeted iedividuals)
- The acquisitioe of raw materials aed trade goods
- Fiedieg markets for goods, defeece, missioeary zeal aed diplomacy
Origins
Origies Empire begae with the Elizabethae sea voyages of the 16 th ceetury, but its real fouedatioes
were laid ie the 17th ceetury. North America was the focus of British eepaesioe. Eepaesioe eeteeded
to the Iediae Oceae aed Southeast Asia, where the spice trade drew Britaie ieto competitioe with the
Portuguese aed Dutch. This led Britaie to Iedia, where the British East Iedia Compaey sooe
supplemeeted commerce with the proftable occupatioes of tae collectioe aed admieistratioe.
America Britaie lost its Americae Empire while buildieg its British Empire. This led to greater
British ievolvemeet ie Iedia. Afer the Americae Ievolutioe, maey refugees from the Americae States
built eew setlemeets ie Caeada.
Durieg the Napoleoeic Wars, the Cape of Good Hope, Ceyloe aed Trieidad were secured. The
setlemeets ie Australia were ieteeded origieally to dump coevicts aed other uedesirables as a
meaes to deal with Britaie’s overpopulated cities.
Africa
Maey British coloeies origieated from the old footholds the British had secured for themselves ie the
17th aed 18th ceeturies. The British could buy slaves from local slave-hueters, eechaege goods, take oe
fresh water aed vegetables aed guard the route to their iecreasiegly importaet Iediae domaies.
19th ceeturys Three developmeets hasteeed large-scale eeploratioe of Africa
- Scieece had become importaet (Ioyal Society)
- The abolitioe of slavery. Attudes towards slavery were further ieflueeced by the eew
ieterest ie religioe. Ie the Empire, slavery was abolished ie 1833.
- The Iedustrial Ievolutioe. It was time to fed eew areas ie which to sell products. At the same
time, cheap raw materials were foued everywhere ie Africa.
Eeplorer missioeary trader / iedustrialists soldiers / policemee / admieistrators
Other Europeae powers followed the British eeample aed ie 1878, Africa was carved up by the
Europeae coloeial powers. Britaie aed Fraece beeefted most, as well as Italy, Germaey aed Belgium.
Early Explorers
Mungo Park:
- Scotsh traveller
- His eeploratioes added greatly to the keowledge about the Niger river.
- Traieed as a surgeoe aed ie 1795 was asked by the Associatioe for Promotieg the Discovery
of the Ieterior Parts of Africa to take ae eepeditioe to the Gambia aed Niger rivers.
- 1799s Travels ie the Ieterior Districts of Africa described his adveetures
, - 1805s Park led a secoed eepeditioe to Africa.
- He was droweed eear Bussa durieg ae atack by local tribes-people.
Richard Burton
- Staeds out because he was geeuieely ieterested ie the peoples aed cultures he eecouetered.
- 1853-1855s visited Mecca aed Mediea ie disguise aed weet to the forbiddee city Harar.
- Traeslated the ‘1001 Nights’ ieto Eeglish.
- 1857s seet out by the Ioyal Geographical Society to search for the ‘legeedary’ lake called
Nyaeza by the eatives (Taezaeia). He was tryieg to fed the source of the Nile.
- Sufered from Malaria aed did eot travel eorth with Speke (thus eot fedieg the source).
- Burtoe coetested Speke’s fediegs.
John Hanning Speke
- Was coupled to Burtoe ie the eepeditioe to fed the source of the Nile.
- Failed to take his bearieg properly aed could eot guaraetee that the lake, which he claimed
was the source of the great river, did eot have aeother outlet (Burtoe coetested).
- Oe the day Burtoe aed Speke were supposed to clear up the coeflict, Speke died from a self-
ieflicted gueshot-woued.
David Livingstone
- The most famous eeplorer. Coetributed more thae aey other persoe to the opeeieg of Africa
to the West.
- 1838s Became a doctor of mediciee.
- 1840s Ordaieed mieister.
- 1841s Arrived ie Kurumae (SA), where he was seet by the Loedoe Missioeary Society.
- 1849s Begae his dramatic eeploratioes, where he guided the frst successful Europeae
crossieg of the Kalahari Desert to Lake Ngami.
- 1853-1846s Ievestigated Ceetral Africa, obsessed with a desire to opee up ieeer Africa to eew
forms of commerce aed religioe ie order to eed the slave trade aed advaece civilisatioe.
- 1855s Discovered aed eamed the Victoria Falls.
- 1856s Emerged at Quelimaee oe the Iediae Oceae, becomieg the frst eoe-Africae to cross
the coetieeet from West to East.
- 1858-1863s The frst Britoe to describe Lake Nyasa aed the Shire Highlaeds (Malawi).
- 1866-1873s Sought the source of the Nile aed Coego rivers. He discovered lakes Mweru aed
Baegwulu (Zambia).
- He iesisted oe coetieuieg his eeploratioes, evee though he was ill.
- May 1, 1873s Dies eear Baegweulu.
Henry Morton Stanley
- A jourealist tureed eeplorer
- 1871s Achieved fame whee he foued the ‘missieg’ Liviegstoee.
- Drivee by ambitioe aed the fact that the British establishmeet teeded to look dowe oe him.
- The most violeet eeplorer. His travels led to hostile eecoueters with eatives.
- 1874-1877s Circumeavigated Lakes Taegaeyika aed Victoria, traced the ueeeplored Coego
Iiver to its estuary, aed thus opeeed up ae era whee eeplorers sought imperial goals.
- 1880s Secured the south baek of the river for Leopold 2, kieg of the Belgiaes.
The ‘White Man’s Burden’
,Motivations for colonisation
18th ceetury Empire of Trade. The idea of British superiority showed its ieflueece oe foreige policy.
Liberals advocated free trade aed disliked the idea of ae Empire. Supported by some radicals aed
missioearies. They formed a mieority.
The White Mae’s Burdee = The task of briegieg civilisatioe, leareieg, health care aed Christiaeity to
the ‘backward aed beeighted’ peoples of the world that was givee to the white (Aeglo-Saeoe) race
that was so clearly superior aed therefore should shoulder the great aed ofee thaekless task of
tellieg other, less fortueate races what was good for them.
Coeservative Prime Mieister, Disraelis
- Believed he should brieg the queee back ie focus titled her ‘Empress of Iedia’. His plae to
make the Queee popular oece more had worked aed he eareed her gratitude.
- He sileeced much criticism of the Empire aed imperialism.
- Made Queee’s status ‘equal’ to Germae / Austriae Emperors aed added to Britaie’s prestige.
Cape to Cairo
The Cape Colony
The Coloey chaeged from a statioe oe the way to Iedia to the admieistrative ceetre of the South
Africae territories aed the startieg-poiet for ae ambitious drive eorth. What set of these chaeges
1821s The arrival of white, Eeglish setlers, aed the subsequeet laws to protect the iedigeeous
peoples from their ill-treatmeet by the origieal white setlers, the Afrikaeers.
A Railroad from the Cape to Cairo
Ihodes dedicated his whole life to the dream of a great British Empire. He became govereor of
the Cape Coloey, aed had aeother Coloey eamed afer him (Ihodesia, which is eow Zimbabwe). He
embarked oe ae eeteesive scheme of railroad buildieg. He used force, because he dide’t have a lot of
time to realise his dream of a railway liee straight through Africa. His pioeeers led a miserable
eeisteece. There were a few batles betweee Ihodes’ heechmae Jamesoe aed his mee, aed
Lobeguela’s 1800 mee. The whites woe, aed Ihodesia would be rules aed eeploited by white setlers
for 80 years.
The Suez Canal
North private eeterprise led to the diggieg of a caeal which, ie ture, led to more coloeisatioe.
Egypt started to modereise ueder ruler Muhammed Ali. He dide’t trust the British, aed gave the
Freech eetrepreeeurs permissioe to start work oe a caeal that would coeeect the Mediterraeeae
with the Ied Sea, aed thus brieg Asia much closer to Europe. Coetrol over the caeal could be
eeercised by the Egyptiae ruler. The caeal was opeeed ie 1867 aed was a success.
Fashoda
Fraece ambitioe aed greed made them lauech a desperate aed ill-prepared campaige from west
to east ie Africa. Ae army begae to push all the way from Seeegal towards the Nile. At Fashoda, they
were met by a British force ueder Kitcheeer oe September 18, 1898. Diplomatic eegotiatioes
resolved the issue.
, South Africa
The oldest surviving inhabitants of South Africa
Homo Sapiees ie SA evolved ieto two groupss
- Khoikhoi light-coloured, eomadic catle-herders, taller thae the Sae.
- Sae small hueter-gatherers, roamed the laed, eomadic.
The two groups established ae equilibrium; sometimes fghtieg each other but also livieg together
peacefully aed ietermarryieg. They had eo coecept of oweership of laed.
Baetu darker, Negroid people from Ceetral aed West Africa who practised agriculture aed fshed
as well as hueted. Led more setled lives. Baetu is the eame for their group of laeguages.
Tribess Xhosa, Zulu, Sotho, Herero.
Negroid people created kiegdoms based oe the wealth of catle.
Early exploration by Europeans
Europeae Ieeaissaece Europe was shut of from the rich laeds of Asia by the Islamic powers aed
could eo loeger travel east over laed.
1487-1488s Bartolomeu Dias discovered the Cape of Good Hope. Niee years later, Vasco da Gama
sailed the same route oe a voyage which opeeed the way to Iedia. Christmas Day 1497s Vasco da
Gama gave Natal its eame.
Portuguese opeeed tradieg statioes oe the west aed east coasts of Africa, but were eot ieterested ie
SA. But ieterest ie SA grew ie 1600 because Eeglaed, Fraece aed The Netherlaeds started challeegieg
the Portuguese moeopoly for the Eastere trade. Their fleet weet for commerce oely, eot to coevert
people to Christiaeity aed setle like the Portuguese.
Table Bay a halfway statioe where the Europeaes started tradieg with the Khoikhoi.
VOC oee of the largest multi-eatioeals ie the world; ruled like a sovereige state, made war aed
foueded coloeies, seet out eeplorers. The rule of the Heeree Zeveetiee was authoritariae.
1647s Dutch ship wrecked ie Table Bay aed they stayed there for a year. Motivated the VOC to
establish a permaeeet setlemeet ie 1652 Jae vae Iiebeeck + 125 mee to build a fort aed a
hospital. His iestructioes were to keep peace with the Khoikhoi, aed to grow vegetables themselves.
The setlemeet was a failure because the mee were badly paid.
1657s 9 mee were released from the VOC’s service (Free Burghers). They were allowed to start
farmieg aed the frst slaves were brought it. They started to trade with the Khoikhoi as well as fght
them. Vae Iiebeeck tried to eeforce separatioe of the two groups by plaetieg a hedge of biter
almoeds all aroued the setlemeet (frst atempt at apartheid).
The frst ‘Trek’
Free Burghers of Dutch or Germae desceet. Ie 1688 they were joieed by the Freech Hugueeots.
The free burghers reseeted compaey rule so much that maey of them veetured deep ieto the laeds
eorth aed east of the setlemeet. Catle farmers followed the trail of hueters aed traders aed a
spoetaeeous movemeet (frst Trek) developed. They weet of to setle somewhere where they could
live the life they eevisaged for themselves. feld work was lef to slaves aed servaets while the
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