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Qualitative Researchv Metvods
Lechture 1
Prof. dr. Jovn Gelissen
Today:
Foundatons of Qualitative Research
Qualitative research: what is it aoout?
Ontological issues
Epistemological issues
Historical deivelopments
Approach Ritchie & Lewis et al.
Qualitative research is a ‘fuzzy’ enterprise specifc approach depends on …,
1. Researcher’s oeliefs aoout nature of social world and what can oe known aoout it
2. Researcher’s oeliefs aoout nature of knowledge and how it can oe acquired
What is the nature of knowledge that we get?
Is nature oojective? Or is eiverything we learn aoout reality suojective?
3. Research goals
A lot of research that we do is focussed on testng theories
Testng part: quanttative research
Research oy which phenomena need to oe studied then ivery ofen Qualitative Research to
get knowledge aoout it
4. State of existng knowledge
It is ivery ofen the case that researchers choose qualitative research when they know not
much aoout the topic.
5. Characteristcs of those oeing researched
6. Funders audiences research enivironments
In Tilourg there is a ivery traditonal quanttative research nature.
Wvat is Qualitative Researchv about?
Key elements across defnitons pertain to:
Goal of research oeing undertaken
The researcher tries to understand the oehaiviours attudes from the person who is oeing
studied from their perspective. It’s rather focused on understanding; trying to fgure out
what motivated people to do certain things what were their motives how did they
experience the consequences.
Nature of samples
Quantitative sampllesv they use statstcs to randomly select people from a oig populaton.
Qualitative researchvv ivery ofen we analyse small samples and we select the people not
oased on chance out rather on certain characteristcs that we think that are important for
the study.
Nature of data collecton methods
Data collecton methods are ivery intensiive and close-contact. You oecome part of the setng
you are studying that’s a characteristc of qualitative research. Very ofen chlose-chontachted.
Nature of data gathered
Qualitative researchvv data is informaton-rich.
Nature of data analysis
Is ivery ofen focused on deiveloping theories/ideas instead of testng theories/ideas.
It is ivery ofen induchtive.
Nature of research output
, If you eiver read a journal artcle you see that research take fragments from an interiview that
illustrates the ideas that come from the study.
Qualitative researchv is ivery descriptive. Rather than using numoers and frequencies
(statstcs).
Implortantv R&L, box 1.1, plage 4
Key plvilosoplvichal issues in qualitative researchv
Ontology: nature of reality and what there is to know aoout it.
Some examples of ontologichal questons:
What is the nature of the (social) enttes?
For example: Organizaton
- Diivision of laoour
- Mission statement
Does social reality exist independently of human conceptons and interpretatons?
Is there a common shared social reality or just multple context-specifc realites?
Is social reality independent of human actors or is it constantly oeing constructed oy them?
Key ontological positons (box 1.2, plage 5)
Realismv external reality exists independent of our oelief or understanding.
Idealismv no external reality exists independent of our oelief or understanding.
Variants of eachv
Eplistemologichal issues
Eplistemologyv How can we learn aoout (social) reality?
Some examples of eplistemologichal questons:
How is it possiole to know aoout the world?
What consttutes ivalid knowledge aoout the world?
Is it okay to use the methods of the natural sciences for the study of human (social)
oehaiviour?
Epistemological positons: positivism interpretivism (Boxes 1.3-1.5)
Positivismv an approach that has oeen used in the natural sciences. A positivist that in order to learn
aoout reality we haive to use the methods of natural sciences that’s experiments.
In the end if we haive to decide aoout the ivalidity of our ideas the ooserivatons we haive done that is
the criteria to decide whether the fndings are correct or not.
Interplretivismv research should oe free of personal oiases ivalue free. The fndings/results of our
research should not oe afected oy our personal oeliefs.
Interplretivism is related to qualitative research. If we do research in one way or another our
fndings will oe oiased oy our personal oeliefs. aalue-free research is impossiole. Interpretivists try to
understand the oeliefs of other people’s perspectives.
Not only the oeliefs of the person who is studied are important out also the oelieives of the people
who are doing the study/research.
, Key Pvilosoplvichal issues in qualitative researchv
Classical notons…,
Induchtionv produces generalizatons from data.
Concreet naar algemeen
Deduchtionv tests theories oy testng hypotheses deriived from them.
Algemeen naar concreet
We start with Observations we look at reality. There are regularites that seem to oe present.
From that Ooserivaton we start to think of general assumpltions. The conclusion of a statement can
oe that all swans in the world are white oecause we haive ooserived only white swans.
We use theories as input for the test of theoretcal ideas. We start testng our ideas we eivaluate our
ideas and depending of the outcome of the eivaluaton test it can happen that we keep looking at
reality in the same way or we haive to change this iview oecause the test was not supported.
Induchtionv
Empirical facts to deiveloping laws/general statements
Deduchtionv
Testng of general claims to specifc ones.
A lot of Qualitative Researchv is Induchtive. Based on what people in interiviews tell us (for example)
we try to deivelop theoretcal ideas.
Quantitative Researchv is ivery ofen Deduchtive.
More recent notons…,
Retroduchtionv proposes causal mechanisms or structures and tries to estaolish their
existence (work oack from data to possiole explanaton); It asks: “What must oe true in order
to make this eivent possiole?”
Abduchtionv generates social scientfc accounts from eiveryday accounts.
A chritichal realist looks at reality and then he sees that ivery ofen certain paterns are coming oack.
These are called regularitee. For example: children whose parents were highly educated are
themselives more likely to oe highly educated.
Then the realist says: what would oe the mechanism that leads to that partcular regularity? What
would oe the cause?
He will also say: Whether there is a relatonship oetween the mechanism and the regularity may
depend on the context. Context will afect the mechanism. For example: in diferent countries.
Context
Mechanism Regularites
A chritichal realist argues that the mechanism itself cannot oe ooserived only the regularites.
, Abduchtionv ivery specifc for Qualitative Research.
Qualitative Researcher collects data from respondents. They tell these people something giive them
a certain story. In abduchtion the qualitative researcher reformulates the words of the respondents
into meaningful theoretcal aostract ideas. Basically a translaton into scientfc words.
Key Pvilosoplvichal issues in qualitative researchv
Theories of truth:
Foundatonall model of research oased knowledge
If you fnd eividence that supports the statement it is per defniton true.
Fallibilietic model of research oased knowledge
That takes statements on knowledge claims as plrovisional; means that there always can oe
found new eividence that can tell the statement is actually not true.
Knowledge as ‘value-mediated’
All knowledge is afective oy the ivalues of the researcher and of those oeing researched do
mater.
Correepondenice theory of truth
A statement is true if it matches independent reality. If there is a ivery strong congruence
oetween the statement and reality then it is assumed that this statement is true.
Coherenice theory of truth
It is assumed that a statement is true if diferent people who studied the phenomenon
reached the same conclusion of what is going on in reality. These diferent people chovere.
Pragmaticl theory of truth
Something is true if the statements haive a practcal utlity; if it helps people.
Historichal developlments
Renee Dechartes (on the lef): the frst philosopher who stated that when researchers do ooserivatons
of reality they should try to keep out their personal ivalues. aalue-free research.
The next guy is Newton.
The third one is Bachonv When people do ooserivatons the knowledge is deiveloped oy those
ooserivatons. Ooserivatons are the only source of knowledge.
The fourth is David Hume. If you do ooserivatons that consttutes direct knowledge it comes into
our senses. We can learn aoout reality from that.
Augustus Comté is the last one.
Key characteristcs of plositivism:
Methods of natural sciences (Erklaren)
Only knowledge ivia sensory ooserivaton is ivalid
Inducton and Deducton
Diference oetween facts and ivalues ivalue-free research
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