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NSG 221 Module 9 Summary
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This is a comprehensive and detailed summary on module 9 for NSG 221. An Essential Study Resource just for YOU!!
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NSG221.09.01.01 Introduce and Categorize Mood DisordersMania
Distinct period during with mood is abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritated
Euthymic
Average affect and mood
Pressured speech
Unrelenting, rapid, often loud talking without pauses
Anergia
Lack of energy
Bipolar I disorder—one or more manic or mixed episodes usually accompanied by major depressive
episodes
Bipolar II disorder—one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic
episode
NSG221.09.01.02 Examine Etiology of Mood Disorders and Identify Related Disorders
Persistent depressive (dysthymic) disorder is a chronic, persistent mood disturbance
characterized by symptoms such as insomnia, loss of appetite, decreased energy, low self-
esteem, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of sadness and hopelessness that are milder than
those of depression.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is a persistent angry or irritable mood, punctuated by
severe, recurrent temper outbursts that are not in keeping with the provocation or situation,
beginning before age 10.
Cyclothymic disorder is characterized by mild mood swings between hypomania and depression
without loss of social or occupational functioning.
Substance-induced depressive or bipolar disorder is characterized by a significant disturbance in
mood that is a direct physiological consequence of ingested substances such as alcohol, other
drugs, or toxins.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has two subtypes. In one, most commonly called winter
depression or fall-onset SAD, people experience increased sleep, appetite, and carbohydrate
cravings; weight gain; interpersonal conflict; irritability; and heaviness in the extremities
beginning in late autumn and abating in spring and summer. The other subtype, called spring-
onset SAD, is less common, with symptoms of insomnia, weight loss, and poor appetite lasting
from late spring or early summer until early fall. SAD is often treated with light therapy (Leahy,
2017).
Postpartum or “maternity” blues is a mild, predictable mood disturbance occurring in the first
several days after delivery of a baby. Symptoms include labile mood and affect, crying spells,
, sadness, insomnia, and anxiety. The symptoms subside without treatment, but mothers do
benefit from the support and understanding of friends and family (Langan & Goodbred, 2017).
Postpartum psychosis is a severe and debilitating psychiatric illness, with acute onset in the days
following childbirth. Symptoms begin with fatigue, sadness, emotional lability, poor memory,
and confusion and progress to delusions, hallucinations, poor insight and judgment, and loss of
contact with reality. This medical emergency requires immediate treatment. Women who have a
history of serious mental illness are at higher risk for a postpartum relapse, even if they were
well during pregnancy (Burgerhout et al., 2017).
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome and is defined as
recurrent, moderate psychological and physical symptoms that occur during the week before
menses and resolving with menstruation. Approximately 20% to 30% of premenopausal women
are affected by affective and/or somatic symptoms that can cause severe dysfunction in social or
occupational functioning, such as labile mood, irritability, increased interpersonal conflict,
difficulty concentrating, feeling overwhelmed or unable to cope, and feelings of anxiety, tension,
or hopelessness (Appleton, 2018).
Nonsuicidal self-injury involves deliberate, intentional cutting, burning, scraping, hitting, or
interference with wound healing. Some persons who engage in self-injury (sometimes called
self-mutilation) report reasons of alleviation of negative emotions, self-punishment, seeking
attention, or escaping a situation or responsibility. Others report the influence of peers or the
need to “fit in” as contributing factors (Chesin et al., 2017).
Norepinephrine levels
May be deficient in depression and increased in mania.
Kindling
The process by which seizure activity in a specific area of the brain is initially stimulated by
reaching a threshold of the cumulative effects of stress, low amounts of electric impulses, or
chemicals such as cocaine that sensitize nerve cells and pathways
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers
Serotonin
Has many roles in behavior: mood, activity, aggressiveness and irritability, cognition, pain,
biorhythms, and neuroendocrine processes
Postpartum blues
is a mild, predictable mood disturbance occurring in the first several days after delivery of a baby
Postpartum psychosis
a severe and debilitating psychiatric illness, with acute onset in the days following childbirth
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