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Summary PPP HC1-4
Summary of political participation and protest of the lectures 1 till 4 including articles
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Door: Philip20 • 3 jaar geleden
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Summary Political Participation and ProtestHC1 Introduction: political participation
- Types of political participation:
Electoral: voting, contacting officials, campaigning, donating money to political parties, party
membership
Non-electoral: signing petitions, mass demonstrations, occupations of public sites, boycotts, strikes,
blockades, violence against property and people
- Mostly we think of participation as in voting however large differences in turnouts per country and downward
trend in voting outcome
- Amount of protests are rising-> even in countries where protesting is uncommon
- Over time waves of protest: 2009+ as high as in the 1960s-> after economic crisis a lot of protests against
government measures-> difference with 60s is that
there are less riots and more anti-government
demonstrations
Protests have become more normalized: now we
know how to organize and police them-> in 60s
demonstrations could turn in to riots because of
the bad organization of them
- Diamond model: citizens have two ways to
influence the state by electoral or non-electoral
paths
- VAN DETH 2014
- The author was annoyed by the different definitions
of political participation-> wanted to conceptualize
it
- Previous definitions:
Brady: Political participation is an attempt to influence politics-> Voluntary (vs. obligatory) ‘action(vs.
attitudes/interest) by ordinary citizens (vs. politicians) directed toward influencing some political (vs. non-
political) outcomes within the governmental arena'
Conge: Individual or collective action at the national or local level that supports or opposes (...) decisions
regarding allocation of public goods-> categorizations based on different rules:
1. Active vs. Passive forms
2. Aggressive vs. Nonaggressive behaviour
3. Structural vs. Non-structural objects
4. Governmental vs. Nongovernmental aims
5. Mobilized vs. Voluntary actions
6. Intended vs. Unintended outcomes
Comparing apples to pears-> don’t know what we are comparing
- Van Deth critique:
A. These definitions are too time-period dependent (e.g., what is (non-)conventional now and 30 years ago?)
B. Actual conclusions about development political participation over time difficult to draw-> what to include
C. How to deal with the expansion of modes of participation (e.g. internet activism)
- An operational definition: how to recognize a mode of participation when we see one?-> ask questions:
1. Do we deal with behaviour?
2. Is the activity voluntary?
3. Is the activity done by citizens?
4. Is it located in the sphere of government/state/politics?
Minimalist definition (most scholars agree on)-> political participation I: electoral behaviour (e.g. voting)
Van Deth notes that new modes of participation are continuously emerging that take place outside the
governmental arena and therefore suggests 3 additional questions
5. Is activity targeted at sphere of government/state/politics?
6. Is activity aimed at solving collective/community problems?
Targeted definition:
Target government/politics/ state-> political participation II: non-electoral behaviour (e.g.
demonstrating)
Aimed at community-> political participation II (e.g. volunteering)
7. Is the activity used to express political aims and intentions of participants?
Motivational definition: political participation IV (e.g. boycotts)
- Within the Diamond model only I and II are represented because they are targeted at the state-> III is aimed at
the community (new diamond?) and IV is at the citizen level-> both are not included
, - HUTTER & KRIESI 2013
- First to empirically approach movement and party politics over time
- Political participation: an attempt by ordinary citizens to influence politics
Political arena researched in political science and protest arena researched in sociology-> protest arena
mostly left-> if you want to look at both left and right you need to combine the two arenas
- Left are the winners of globalisation they mobilize in the protest arena-> the right are the losers of
globalization and mobilize in the party arena
- Study I: protest in the streets-> issue salience
Mobilization dynamics depend on the issue at stake
Looked at newspaper articles from Austria, France, GB, Netherlands, Switzerland and West-Germany
Four issues:
Cultural liberalism : women & homosexual rights, int. peace, solidarity with developing countries,
& ‘free spaces for alternative lifestyles’.
Immigration : protests by, against or on behalf of migrants re. the situation of migrants in EU
countries.
Europe : events focused on issues of ‘membership’, ‘competences’ and ‘decision-making rules’ as
regards the European integration process.
Global justice: events making claims for or against neoliberal globalization and its supposed main
promoters including the G8, WEF, World Bank, or WTO.
The issues changed over the years:
Cultural liberalism : declines
Immigration: increases, after 1980 less pro immigrants and in countries were populist right is not
present in the electoral arena the most polarized (e.g. Germany and UK)
Europe : very, very small
Global justice: small but visible (e.g Summit protests the battle of Seattle etc)
Way of the winners to express their problems
- Study II: Grievances of the ‘losers’ of globalization are mobilized by the new populist radical right
Data: WVS from 1999-2007 (who protested for what issue)
Dependent variable: additive protest potential index
Independent variable:
Controls: biographical availability, political engagement and structural availability
Party preference: radical to moderate left or right
Issue preference: immigration and cultural liberalism
Results:
a. Controls: Highly educated young men who are interested in politics and embedded in formal
organizations protest
b. Party preference: Radical and moderate left protest more than moderate (doesn’t differ with radical
right) and radical right
c. Issue preference: The more people favour immigration and cultural liberalism the more they protest
d. In addition: adding these issues reduces influence of party preference on protest participation for
moderate left citizens
What about extreme right?
- Study III: comparing electoral politics -> left promotes interests in both the political and protest arena and
right only uses either one or the other, not both
Analyses parties in relation to their presence in protest
Party groups: moderate and radical on the left employ party and movement politics compared to moderate
right (radical doesn’t differ)
Electoral Presence: weak or strong presence in party politics does not influence movement politics->
however: the stronger radical left is in party politics the more they employ movement politics-> while the
stronger radical right in party politics the less they employ movement politics
- It is interesting what happens after their study-> economic crisis, refugee crisis, corona crisis-> new losers and
winners
- Reaction to globalization: left on the barricades and right on the ballots-> why? The medium is the message
Left: post-materialistic and libertarian values predisposes them to unconventional politics
Right: authoritarian and materialistic values predisposes them to conventional politics
Article: A conceptual map of political participation, J.W. van Deth
- Participation necessary for democracy
- Conclusions about changing nature of participation differ widely depending on concepts used and accepting
intentions and aims of people as a necessary criterion to characterize political participation would imply an
, extreme form of subjectifying our main concepts-> new modes confronts definitions as being too dated or too
broad-> need for conceptualization
- Political participation is loosely all citizens’ activities affecting politics-> general abstract idea of participation
- Four common parts of the definition: political participation is an activity/ action, done in a role as citizen,
should be voluntary and deals with government, politics or the state not restricted to specific phases nor
specific levels or areas
- Norris 2002: considers all activities that impact civil society as participation-> civic engagement-> Macedo et
al 2005: civic and politics interdependent -> Zukin et al 2006: no clear distinction civic and politics where
they define civic engagement as organized
voluntary activity for problem solving and helping
others-> Zukin stressed organized whilst Macedo
stress influence-> any organized action or social
behaviour or any activity aimed at change or at
influencing collective life is covered by these
broad approaches
- Political participation is abstract/ general
voluntary activities by citizens usually related to
government/ state/ politics-> can be aimed at
problem solving or alter systematic patterns of
social behaviour-> influencing life of polity or
induce social reform
- Other say just categorical term for citizen power
- Can be almost anything
- How would you recognize a mode of participation
if you see one?
- Hempel: operational definition needs objective
criteria-> decision rules are needed-> these rules
must be unambiguous and efficient
- Minimal definition needs four rules:
1. Do we deal with behaviour?-> all activities
including obvious abstentions (not voting on
actual election day etc.)
2. Is the activity voluntary?-> absence of observable
coercion
3. Is the activity done by citizens?-> non-
professional, non-paid, amateurish nature of
activities
4. Is the activity located in the sphere of government/
state/ politics?-> sector directed by government under jurisdiction of state power, the institutional architecture
of the political system (polity)
(I) Institutional modes of participation: electoral
- Activities that take place outside the governmental arena yet are politically with active legislative or
diplomatic agenda
5. Is the activity targeted at the sphere of government/state/politics?-> not inside arena but target problems
within it or that require government/state intervention
(II) Targeted political participation (1+, 2+, 3+, 4-, 5+)-> the targets of the activities can be depicted without
relying on the goals or intentions of the people involved
- Collective action to solve community problems
6. Is the activity aimed at solving collective or community problems?-> need not be political just common
(III) Targeted political participation at problem/ community (1+, 2+, 3+, 4-, 5-, 6+)-> citizens initiatives etc.
7. Is the activity used to express political aims and intentions of participants? -> needs first three rules but is not
aimed at political or collective problems nor in the political arena-> express aims and intentions
(IV) Motivational political participation (1+, 2+, 3+, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7+)
- Need further alteration to last question because a political activity can have non political aims, you can cast a
vote because your wife wants it etc.
7*. Is the political activity used to express political aims and intentions of participants?
- See bottom figure 1: the question whether the phenomenon under consideration is a specimen of political
participation does not depend on the intentions or aims of the people concerned as the minimalist or targeted
definitions are reached before intentions and aims of participants are introduced
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