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GGZ2028 Full Paper

Name: GGZ2028 Full Paper
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Author: jessiejanssen3

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Maastricht University (UM)

Mijn Research paper voor de opleiding Gezondheidswetenschappen, jaar 2 in de GGZ richting voor het vak Research in Psychopathology. Ik heb deze paper gehaald met een 7,5, en de variabelen Self-esteem, Depression, en Sports- and Non-sports group gebruikt. LET OP! Gebruik dit document alleen ter voor...

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SELF-ESTEEM & DEPRESSION

The relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms, and the differences within

this relationship between a sports group and a non-sports group

Research in Psychopathology (RESIT)

GGZ2028

Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences

Bachelor Gezondheidswetenschappen

Maastricht University

Jessie Janssen, I6199078

Key words: Self-esteem, depression, students, depressive symptoms, sports

Word count: 3637

Date: 21-06-2020

1

,Abstract

Depression is the most common occurring disorder among adolescents, and is

found to be connected to self-esteem. Self-esteem is considered to be biased negatively in

people suffering from depression. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether

there is a relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms among Dutch Maastricht

University students. Moreover, the current study will focus on the differences in this

relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms among a sports group and non-

sports group within this research population. The first hypothesis states that there is a negative

correlation between self-esteem and depression. The second hypothesis states that there is a

smaller negative correlation in the sports group, than there is in the non-sports group. The

third hypothesis states that more depressive symptoms and a lower self-esteem occur in the

non-sports group, in comparison with the sports group. Results found using a Pearson

correlation showed a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and depressive

symptoms. This relationship was found to be slightly more negative in the non-sports group,

compared to the sports group. No difference was found with regard to depressive symptoms

and self-esteem separately within the sports- and non-sports groups. Due to limitations, future

research is recommended.

2

, 1 Introduction

15.5% of all adolescents in the Netherlands has dealt with a depression in their

lifetime, which makes it the most common occurring disorder among adolescents between 18

and 24 years old (Schoenmaker et al., 2019). Depression has a very broad spectrum which

ranges from mild symptoms as a part of life, to the deepest forms of depression such as

melancholia. Even though the mild symptoms of depression can help us with forming our

personality from time to time, depression is still a psychiatric illness which needs to be

identified and treated in order to decrease suffering (Wasserman, 2011). Although depression

is very common among adolescents, it goes unrecognized very frequently. Symptoms which

come with the depression, such as worthlessness or a sense of guilt, make it more likely for

the depressive adolescents to hide the depression because they do not want to be a burden

towards other people. Because of the lowered reveal of symptoms, the symptoms seem milder

and therefore are often mistaken for changes in behavior or mood swings, which are common

and also very normal for the developmental stages which adolescents go through (Hazen,

Goldstein, Goldstein & Jellinek, 2011).

Defined in the book of Lawrence (2006), “Self-esteem is the individual’s evaluation of

the discrepancy between self-image and ideal self”, in which self-image is the awareness of

your own mental and physical characteristics, and ideal self is defined as learning that there

are ideal standards of skills and behavior which are valued in life. Self-esteem can either be

explicit or implicit. While explicit self-esteem is defined as a conscious reflective self-

evaluation, implicit self-esteem can be seen as an unconscious automatic self-evaluation

which guides behavior (Van Loghum, 2013). A difference between global self-esteem and

specific self-esteem can also be distinguished. Global self-esteem is the positive or negative

attitude which an individual has toward the self as a whole and is more relevant to

psychological well-being, while specific self-esteem is more judgmental and evaluative, and

3

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