This essay collection comprises of the full 16 mark essays for each topic covered in Attachment. Each essay has the full details for the A01 description and fully elaborated evaluation points. The essays in this collection include:
3.1 Caregiver-Infant Interactions
3.2 Attachment Figures
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, ATTACHMENT COLLECTION
Contents
01 Caregiver-Infant Interactions Page 2
02 Attachment Figures Page 3
03 Schaffer’s Stages of Attachment Pages 4 - 5
04 Animal Studies Pages 6 - 7
05 Learning Theory Pages 8 - 9
06 Bowlby’s Theory Pages 10 - 11
07 The Strange Situation Pages 12 - 13
08 Cultural Variations in Attachment Pages 14 - 15
09 Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation Pages 16 - 17
10 Romanian Orphan Studies & Institutionalisation Pages 18 - 19
1
, ATTACHMENT COLLECTION
01 Caregiver-Infant Interactions
Outline and evaluate caregiver-infant interaction. (8 marks)
Babies have meaningful social interactions with their carers from a young age. It is believed
that these interactions play an important role in social development and in the development
of caregiver-infant attachment. Attachment is an emotional bond between two people shown
by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity.
From birth, babies and their mothers spend a lot of time interacting and babies learn to show
signals when they’re ready for interaction. Mothers usually respond to these signals. From
around three months interaction becomes more frequent and involves close attention to
each other’s communication. A key part of interaction is reciprocity. An interaction is
reciprocal when each person responds to and gets a response from each other. Brazelton
(1975) described this interaction as a ‘dance’ whereby each partner responds to each other’s
moves.
Interactional synchrony happens when a mother and infant interact so much that their
actions and emotions mirror each other. Meltzoff and Moore (1977) observed the beginnings
of interactional synchrony in babies ages 2 weeks old. An adult either showed one of three
facial expressions or one of three distinctive gestures. The child’s response was filmed and
identified by three different observers. They found that there was an association between the
adult’s actions and the child’s response. Isabella et al (1989) found that the higher the level
of interactional synchrony, the better the quality of mother-infant attachment.
Other studies have failed to replicate the findings of studies. For example Koepke et al
(1993) conducted a study but didn’t get Meltzoff and Moore’s (1977) findings. Meltzoff and
Moore (1977) counter argued that the research by Koepke et al (1993) failed because it was
less carefully controlled. This does, however, suggest that the study lacks reliability.
A criticism of Meltzoff and Moore’s (1977) study is that they didn’t take the variation between
infants into consideration. Isabella et al (1989) found that the stronger the attachment
between infant-caregiver pairs, the more interactional synchrony. This means the strength of
the attachment between infant and caregivers will have impacted the results. Therefore
Meltzoff and Moore’s (1977) conclusions aren’t valid for all infants.
Observations of mother-infant interactions are usually well-controlled procedures, whereby
the mother and infant are filmed from multiple angles. This ensures that very fine details of
behaviour can be recorded and analysed at a later stage. Moreover children can’t show
demand characteristics as they are unaware that they’re being observed. This increases
validity as it suggests that their responses are sincere.
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