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Migration, identity and sovereignty8.1a Globalisation impacts on migration due to changing labour demand
Migrant is a person that moves from one place to another to improve life quality or for a job for a
prolonged period of time.
General facts:
● In 2019 there were 250 migrants globally, with ⅓ being forced.
● Over ¼ of refugees are from syria.
● 1.4 million refugees are internally displaced.
● The IOM (international organisation of migrants) isa igo that provides advice to displaced
migrants and governments.
● 500 billion of remittancesis sent annually, which is 3 times the amount of development aid
making it key.
● Asia has the most migrants of 31%.
● The global compact for migration takes a holistic approach towards migration making a
coordinated approach which was set up by the UN in 2016 to show politically it matters. This
allows migrants to go wherever they feel safest and apply for status.
Globalisation increases the integratedness of countries and places, thusencouraging migrant flows
through making it easier to move through cheaper transports, increased connection, ease of moving
between countries due to laws and information on moving and due to making it easier to stay in
contact with their home location.
Globalisation encouragement of migration:
China internal migration
This is caused by shifting economic policies of Chinaand growth of social capitalism when China
opened up in 1978 to foreign markets. This resulted in 1/10 of China's population migratingto urban
areas over the past 50 years leading to the rural population halving either migration to rural areas or
to larger cities. This is due to:
● Increased urbanisation and TNCs shifting to urban areas as globalisation has led to
international demand for manufacturing and cheap labour. This leads to increasing prospects
for opportunity. This resulted in wages being 20 times higher in urban areas and there being
access to key infrastructure and resources.
● The relaxation of hukou ruleswhich restricted migration. These rules include registration and
expensive permits (which restrict rights like earnings, education and access to healthcare)
resulting in ⅔ of migrants being men. Over 6 million migrants are restricted access to better
schools. This is becoming a large problem due to such manufacturing labour demand. This
increases hostility as it results in migrants not integrating.
● Coastal areas where SEZs are based is where most of this migrationoccurs, such as Beijing
and the Guangdong province (recieveing 20 million).
● Migrants are discriminated against in harsh conditions and have little access to social
services such as 5% claiming pensions. Only 20% of migrants have contracts with employees.
However, they have increasing rights with twice as many winning court cases.
● Many migrants still go home during festivals.
● This is occuring due to large levels of pollution, environmental depletion and manufacturing
decline in rural areas. Factors such as the great leap forward and the service sector in China
urban areas increased this move. Increased low skilled jobs are also available due to an
increasing middle class..
International migration the EU
The Schengen agreement removed 26 countries' borders between mainly EU states. The removal of
these borders enabled 3% of the EU population to liveabroad. This however allows cheap labour
movements and terrorists such as in Paris in 2015. Over 52 million goods move annually through this
encouraging trade. The migrant flow mainly moves towards developed countries (Germany, Spain and
The UK):
● This led to the number of EU migrantsliving in the UK growing 4 fold since 2004 growing at 10
times the rate of non-EU citizens,peaking before Brexit in 2017. This is due to the ease of
migration in this borderless region. There is no large increase in non-EU migrants.
, ● ¾ of UK EU residents are from the EU8such as Poland who provide cheap labour to jobs not
willing to be worked by UK residents. This also shows, migrants are more willing to move
when opportunities and social care is not available domestically. Most migrants are still from
western Europe.
● After Brexit, over 50% of each EU country residentshave applied for settlement status, this
has led however to the understanding that we have a unclear range on the volume of migrants
due to the schengen agreement.
8.1b Why do the percentage of foreign born migrantsvary
Patterns of migration (different to refugees):
● Singapore and Australia by 2030 are going to have the largest net migration by 2030 (9 per
1000 of the population). This is due to factors likeclimate, opportunities, natural population
(underpopulated) and policies.
● Kosovo, Bangladesh, portugal has a net negative migration rate expected to be the largest due
to poverty (-23.6 per 1000). There is a smaller pattern for net negative migration (poorer and
corrupt population).
● The prosperous north such as Canada and West Europe are seeing high net migration rates of
over 5 per 1000. ⅔ of migrants move to developed countries.
● Migration flows are largest such as India to the UAE and Mexico to the US.
● Poor rural areas such as South America are seeing negative migration of around 0.1 per 1000.
● The US has the largest resident migrants over 4 times any other country (next after Germany)
of around 50 million.India has the largest overseas migrants of 18 million, then Mexico and
China.
● As a percentage, emerging rapidly growing countries with wealth like Qatar and the UAE have
88% of theirpopulation from abroad.
● Countries like China have the smallest number of theirpopulation from abroad at less than 1%/
● Refugees are hosted most by countries like Turkey (3.8 million) and Pakistan which are near
the countries such as the Syrian arab republic which have large conflict resulting in over 6.5
million refugees (largest proportion internationally) and over 30% of the population being
internally displaced. This pattern is similar in countries like Afghanistan (which is rising) with
large corruption and conflict.
Migrant demographic:
● There are 10% more male migrants than women.
● 87% of migrants are of active age.
● 70% of migrantsare in the service sector showing a move for opportunity.
Policies to migration (different systems, through time, culture and attraction):
1. Japan and closed door migration
● They have a large dependence to balance the ageing population with over 28% over the age of
65. The median age is 44 and the workforce is this going to fall by 44 million in the next 15
years halving.
● The rate of migration is 2% of the population, half of the average developed countries. It is
estimated they need 17 million migrants.
● This is as they have lower employment, slowing growth and also a fiscal deficit (less taxes and
more benefits needed) increasing debt, with a 3% unemployment rate.
● This is as Japan has a language barrier, tiring work culture and a closed border policy to
migrants (ony 1% of applicants get accepted(due to deep cultural views not writing a change
in character of society), with only 1 in 10 supporting migration as 98% registering themselves
as mainland Japanese (extremely monoethnic within Japan).
● They are not friendly to refugees only granting 20 out of 19,000 asylum seekers visas to stay.
➔ Only 18% of Japanese think refugees are able to migrate into the community, this is
extremely unwelcoming. They view themselves as a homogenous group, they view
migration to worsen the safety of the country (showing a lack of understanding).
● This is changing due to the unsustainable ageing population (still not as multicultural as
others):
➔ The migrant forces have however tripled over the last 30 years. There are increasing
reforms such as 350,000 more to be accepted over the last 5 years.
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