Summary
Summary Geography A level regeneration notes
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- Human
- Institution
- PEARSON (PEARSON)
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Regeneration 4.1Location definite reference to locate a place, can refer to latitude / longitude
Place describes human and physical characteristics of a place
Rural urban continuum the unbroken transition between sparsely and unpopulated remote rural places to
densely urban places
Quinary highest level of decisions making in an economy, highest business executives, political officials
Rebranding: ways a place is redeveloped and marketed to gain a new identity
Re-imaging remodel areas to counter negative perceptions
Regeneration long term process to reverse decline & renewal & upgrade
The four economic sectors are:
1. Primary (agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing)
1. Rural areas tend to have more primary employment in farming, mining, quarrying and fishing
2. This tends to be low-paid, manual work
2. Secondary (manufacturing)
1. There is more secondary employment in northern cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow,
but this has declined over time.
3. Tertiary (retail, services, office work)
1. In the tertiary, or service sector, jobs are concentrated in urban areas but these vary from cleaners on
minimum wage to very high paid professionals like lawyers.
4. Quaternary (scientific research, ICT)
1. Quaternary jobs in research and development and hi-tech industries are found in London and
the South East.
5. Quinary highest level of decisions making in an economy, highest business executives, political officials
Types of employment:
permanent
temporary
self
zero hour contract
Clark fisher model:
LDC’s high amounts of primary industries
lack of education, investment
subsistence farming
Some developing countries might
encourage tourism to skip manufacturing
and go to services (tertiary) eg. Gambia
,Employment rates:
October 2019 woman 72% men 80%
increase in woman working due to increased state pension age for woman
Tower Hamlets Bromley London average
Income inequality 2.03 0.58
Pay inequality 2.97 2.89
Poverty rate 39% 15% 28%
Child poverty rate 55% 28% 37%
Unemployment rate 7.2% 3.7% 4.7%
GCSE attainment 68.2% 72%
No qualifications 9.7 3.8 6.7
Benefits 12.5% 9.5%
Housing affordability 47.4 34.7
Rough sleeping 459 67
Total population 324,000 332,000
Females economically active 64.2% 77.1% 8,900,000
Gross weekly pay £793.7 £804.9 73.7%
£716.4
IMD – index of multiple deprivation, relative deprivation for different areas, compared to UK
Divided into 32,000 areas each with 1,500 residents
7 measures:
incomes
employment
crime
education
barriers to housing and services
living environment
healthcare
Tower Hamlets vs Bromley
Tower Hamlets Bromley London average
Tower Hamlets IMD
Crime: Index of multiple deprivation
Has the 6th highest rate of crime overall in London 2019 scores
Has 2nd highest rate of anti social behaviour calls in London
Tendring 92
86% of residents say the feel safe in day, only 58% at night
Has 5th highest rate of domestic violence in London Black pool 88
2019 proportion of residents that cited to using or dealing Liverpool 84
drugs was 67% Bromley 47
Education Tower Hamlets 46
70% of pupils don’t speak English as a first language
School attainment in line with national average
Poverty
29,000 employees earn less then London living wage
27.3% of children were in relative low income families, was the
highest rate in London
44% of older people live in income deprived households,
highest proportion in England
Environment
More than 200 parks and open spaces
3rd highest level of CO2 emissions in London, high level of
economic output
Declared a climate emergency in 2019
2010 estimated 85 adult deaths due to poor air quality,
relatively low to other parts of London
, Recycling in 2019 was below national average at 23%
Housing
March 2019 there was 2,500 households in temp
accommodation
Expected to accommodate an additional 54,000 homes by 2030
7th highest number of rough sleepers in London
Age profile for rough sleepers is younger 40% aged 36-40
Population
2nd most densely populated area in England
Youthful pop dominate 20-39yrs old 46%
Large single pop
Bangladeshi 32% white British 31%
4/10 residents were born outside of the UK
Largest driver of growth is international migration
4.2a
How do demographics and a function of a place change over time?
All places tend to have overridden functions:
Brighton tourism
Canary wharf banking
These tend to have distinctive demographic characteristics reflecting employment land use inequality and deprivation
Functional change:
Major functions:
• Administrative
• Commercial
• Retail
• Industrial
Specialist functions (located in larger settlements)
banks and department stores
Retail landscape changing due to consumer habits changing as rise in e-commerce and online
shopping
Low order functions (smaller settlements, villages)
grocery stores and pubs
Gentrification
Change in social structure of specific location
Affluent people move into an area
New money into area leads to new improvements
Landlords will increase prices of rent
People who lived there before are priced out
Overall value of area increases
Studentification
The social and environmental changes caused by larger numbers of students living in particular areas of a town or
city
Dominant age group 18-21
Transient population people coming in and out of houses
Seasonal absence in holidays like xmas loss of student trade within those times
, Crime up knowing when students leave, drunk students
Dense population lots of students in each house
Low owner occupancy overgrown gardens lack of care and unkept
Property prices low value of purchase, high rental prices
Parking loss of green spaces
Lack services such as nurseries, retirement homes, all catered to young population
Little sense of community as transient town ppl flowing in and out temporarily
Gentrification
describes a process where wealthy, college-educated individuals begin to move into poor or
working-class communities, often originally occupied by communities of colour. Winners &
losers
In Camden:
July 2015 anti-gentrification demonstration organised by a group called Class Wars
2018 ‘Buck street Market revamp’ redevelopment plans, mark creeping gentrification
to replace 80 stalls with businesses that will attract more (three storey shipping container rooftop
bars) unemployed, bar chain businesses and night sector, self-employed crafters that rely on markets
35 % of 100,000 homes were up for social rent (2015) working class being pushed out less social housing
tenants
Low cost housing under threat
Positives vintages selling coffee and craft beer are often liked so sustains local markets and high
streets, vintage unique individual businesses, local economy money isn’t leaked elsewhere
higher demand for cycling helping environment reducing congestion, environment, working
class who can’t afford car ownership, businesses lose out on possible space where bike docks are
placed
Hackney:
2018 saw the largest increase in average housing prices per square metre, working class
2012 Olympics boosted upgrades, improved infrastructure and transport links, increasing connectivity to
central London, new bridges, over ground station, people employed in central London, citizens in housing
near loud transport links
2016 highest concentration of artists in all of Europe
London’s sixth most dangerous borough, high crime rate, not attractive to young families with children
On of top five areas on the country for social mobility
4a.2
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