Summary
Summary geography a level migration notes
- Module
- Human
- Institution
- PEARSON (PEARSON)
migration notes for spec point 8.1,8.3,8.4,8.7,.8.8,8.9
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RWANDAUK asylum seekers scheme
- UK sending asylum seekers to Rwanda
- “Up to 5 years access to education and support”
- 22 residents in Rwanda being booted out a hostel to make way
for asylum seekers
- Claimed illegal by UNs refugee agency
Genocide 1994 civil war
- Hutu (maj group) Against the Tutsi (minority group)
- 800k Tutsis dead, 100k Hutus
- Not religious / cultural cause but ECONOMIC
- Tutsis social elites bc oversaw greater value livestock & Hutus
were farming
UN failure:
- Long foreseen
- Us actively discouraged UN to act
Led to creation of international crime committee to prevent further
Hong Kong migration to UK / Bromley
Why?
- China strong authoritarian grip on Hong Kong unattractive
place to live
- Arresting critics of China communist party
- British territory til 1997 so cultural cross overs easer to
assimilate
- Under agreement with UK chins agreed to maintain Hong
Kong freedom til 2047
- Hong Kong is meant to legislate its own affairs BUT China
surpassed a national security law just to Hong Kong
- New law makes it easier to punish protestors and reduces
autonomy
- Cracking down in schools, can’t sing political songs or
discuss
UKs response:
- New law violates agreements
- Jan 21 new BNO visa scheme launched allowing close
family members who have ties to 1997 British control
- 5.4m eligible that’s 70% of total pop
, Voluntary economic migrants Someone moves by choice to access economic benefits elsewhere
Refugees Someone forced to leave a country
Asylum seekers Seeking protection from persecution / human rights violations in a country
Internally Displace persons Away from homes but not crossed borders
Diasporas Dispersed group of people with shared cultural background who have spread internationally
from home
India has largest diaspora pop
Post accession labour flow Subsequent flow of migrants between EU countries after joining the EU
Expat Person who lives in different country than born in
Ethnolinguistic composition Languages
Explain why the pattern of international migration is changing
- Political asylum seekers
o Russia Ukraine – political contrasting territorial ideologies have led to war crimes threatening the safety of ukraines
o Rohingya Muslims fleeing from Myanmar
- Environmental refugees
o Tuvalu sea level rise threatening ability to live
- Economic voluntary economic migrants
o Better opportunities for education / jobs, may be in search for higher min wage (UK 7th highest in world)
o Eg. Qatar 2022 world cup attracting labourers from India Pakistan and Bangladesh
, Explain how globalisation has led to an increase in migration both within countries and among them
- National global shift
rural to urban
o Large cities near coasts for jobs in shipping / manufacturing eg. Pearl river delta, Shanghai, Beijing
o China 1980 80% lived in rural, 2012 51% urban
- International
transport advancements
o Cheaper / quicker travel = previously expensive or inaccessible isolated countries like Iceland easier to get to = easier
flow of people
Agreements that encourage free movement of labour
o Reduction of barriers to trade for trade liberalisation and EU unity = Schengen agreement has reduced internal
borders within EU continent (Iceland is part of)
Explain why migration varies greatly between different countries
1. Immigration policies
a. Internal - Chinese Hukou system to limit internal migration, makes it difficult for residence to change their official
residence, requires ppl to buy a permit to move to a city and must pay for welfare systems in the place they move to
many families are split up so children don’t have to ay for skl
b. International – Singapore “expat city” liberal immigration rules compared to Australia and Japan
c. Australia policy skill based 70% of migrants accepted on skill shortages, have to go do X months farming to then get
the visa
d. Japans ‘closed door immigration policy – worried that migration will diffuse the homogeneity from Chinese and
Vietnamese + strict customs and social norms so hard to immigrate
2. Attitudes to immigration
a. Singapore government late 80s emphasis on ‘foreign talent’
b. Singapore four official languages recognised – English, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil
c. Japan 2009 nikkei law – offered to pay latin Americas to leave country // although recent attitudes changing as ageing
pop 2019 tried to attract specified skills in shortages for farming / nurses but received less than hoped (hard to
assimiliate)
Singapore: ¼ pop expats Japan 2% foreign
Why open to immigration: Homogenic attitudes:
1. Boost economy w talent for booming high-tech - 2009 Nikkei Law – offered unemployed Latin
industries Americans $3k to leave
2. Counter low fertility
3. Fulfil shortages in lower-level blue collar jobs Why is Japan hard to assimilate into?
that Singaporeans shunned like construction Strict customs + different social norms –
acceptable to sleep at a desk
Social issues: Strict work uniform – greys
- Taking up white collar jobs Language isn’t a global business language
- Taking up places in schools New alphabet
- Driving up property prices
- National identity diluted
Why I immigration a problem for Japan:
Why is Singapore attractive Ageing pop
- Bilingual education system Declining birth rate
- Up til recent cheap and easy visa system Labour shortages for less desirable jobs and
- Don’t need a visa for 90 days after moving social status
- After six months on employment visa with a job
you are able to apply for permanent residence
Gov response:
Need more blue-collar workers (manual labour)
Assimilation?
- Housing ethnic quotas to avoid concentrations of
diasporas
- Four official recognised languages
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