Notes compiled from the Edexcel textbook, revision guides and class notes. Condensed so includes all information needed for final exam. It was used for the bulk of my revision and go the an A* in 2022 exams (first year after COVID-19 disruption).
How far did changes in agricultural techniques and investment impact the economy?
What was the Why did change occur? Was there any continuity/limited Impact on Economy - profit, Impact on Society - poverty, Links to other changes
change? impact? produce, surplus urbanisation, literacy
New Crops - Population growth Society - 1640s agricultural production in - better variation in diet Link to National Markets
- such as artichokes, - The need to guarantee - The rise in population had other Britain exceeded all European (revolutionised eating - market gardens in London
asparagus, clover good harvests negative effects on the poor = countries (except Holland) habits)
- The need to boost increased poverty etc - average days worked per - Growing agricultural Link to Farming Techniques
Market Garden’s production and efficiency - Not widespread change - agricultural family: productivity released labour - experimentation of new
created because poor people diet for non-agricultural crops
- specialist producer remained bread based (not much 1700 = 405 occupations = link to
of fruits and veg variation in diet) 1450 = 266 urbanisation and the cloth Link to Capital Investment
- large and served trade. - money for experimentation
1000s - improved soil fertility and new crops
- Fed London (largest
city)
Enclosure - Meant that crops - enclosures had been common in - improved agricultural efficiency - protests from small Link to Farming Techniques
production was not medieval times - Split arable and pastoral farming landowners and peasants - Improved crop rotation and
1660 proceeding unnecessarily duplicated - Closure of common land = specialisation of farming - Small farmers in debt farming techniques
rapidly - To reduce rivalry in an - Not changed much because - Unable to compete with - More field available for crop
area same concept larger enclose farms rotations
- Peasants had to accept - Sherrington - Abel to commit to specific
to break it of cycle of Economy (Buckinghamshire) - agricultural techniques
subsistence farming Not widespread across counties freeholders driven out
- To ensure efficiency and - Oxfordshire - Increased number of Link to Specialisation
variety for a staple diet - Still very successful agricultural labourers by forcing small - allowed people to split up
innovation farmers out pastoral and arable farming
- Increased employment in - Able to specialise without
cloth industry - using common land.
urbanisation
- Agreements struck
between the land owners
and local farmers
, What was the Why did change occur? Was there any continuity/limited Impact on Economy - profit, Impact on Society - poverty, Links to other changes
change? impact? produce, surplus urbanisation, literacy
Farming Techniques - Increased level literacy Economy - previous ineffective system (1 of - Migration - Dutch workers Link to New Crops
after 1600 - use of potatoes was not 3 field left to fallow to restore improved irrigation - experimentation and new
- reducing number of - Yeomen and widespread nutrients to soil) this led to - Cornelius Vermuyden crops
fields left fallow husbandmen able to - Farming had existed for decreased yield (Ducth) was knighted by - Low Countries brought new
- Crops selected read books centuries- continuity because - New crops could be introduced Charles I for draining water crops
based on suitability - Walter Blith - wrote techniques already being used and experimentation meadows
to soil books on using manure and in place. - Frost resistant turnips (from Low - Samuel Hartlib (German) - Link to Enclosure
- Manuring - as fertiliser Countries) = more economical promoted Dutch methods - Enclosure allowed new
encouraged fertility - subsistence farming no - Aided industry: flax used for - Literacy and techniques to be used
of the soil longer an option linen, hemp for ropes, hops for encouragement of - Enclosure changed system
- Husbandry - form of - Awareness that efficient beer education for farmers etc of crop rotation
rotation - land was farming meant using as - Increased yield - Less likely to have famine -
restored and greater much land as possible - Less concern about a poor variety fo crops so always Link to Water Meadows
yields of crops and harvest have form of food. - Walter Blith believed in
more land without drainage of water meadows
crops for pastoral as a new method
farming. - Cornelius Vermuyden
- Irrigation
1420 - 1700= 7 million
to 9 million acres for
arable farming
1400 - 1700 = 3 million
to 1.8 million for fallow
Water Meadows - the need to provide food - water meadows had been used - improvement in agricultural - Dutch engineers expertise Link to Enclosure
for animals during winter for years practice in draining land - enclosure meant individual
- diverting water from - Had been used - Only was accelerated use in the - Making sure land is not breeds of animals could be
a river to a field previously so a known 1600s waterlogged would create more kept separated
- Regulated by gates technique water for pasture - Allowed single breeds of
and dams - - Encouraged grass to grow earlier animals to be selected
- Ensured the soil was - Sheep and cattle could feed on - Sheep breed with greatest
always damp = grass - source of food in the wool blend selected for wool
reduces chance of winter industry
frost - Hay was harvested = more
produce
- Maintain working and non-
working animals
1700 = 630,000 horses
1600 = 300,000
- Sheep breed with greatest wool
blend selected for wool industry
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