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Essay Plan - How far would you agree that the greatest threat to the C of E between 1625 and 1688 was the advance of Presbyterianism?
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How far would you agree that the greatest threat to the C of E between 1625 and 1688 wasthe advance of Presbyterianism?
Attempts to evolve into a more Presbyterian organisation
Key Details
1. 1642 Signing of Covenant with Scots (Presbyterian)
2. 1649 Church of England took a more Presbyterian form
3. 1646 Resoltuons for collapse of episcopacy (Root and Branch Petition 1640)
4. However Triers and Ejectors gave the ministry to Presbyterians and moderate Anglicans as
well which reduces the threat
Analysis - Why was this a threat to the COE?
1. The Scots were against the Anglican Church after the imposition of the Prayer Book in 1637
which caused the First Bishops’ War
2. Puritanism against the traditional values of Church of England, Cromwell as Lord Protector
imposed new laws etc (no music, theatres or pubs as they distracted from Godly life and Bible
Study). Church of England - state religion 1649-60 BUT took a Presbyterian form
3. Abolition of episcopacy was key part of CoE whilst Puritans believed that all were spiritually
equal before God - no hierarchy
• Anglicanism believed guidance through authority of the Church based on the Bible
• Puritanism believed to guide and teach according to the Bible
Evaluation - how significant a threat was it?
- Presbyterianism was a significant threat because it had widespread support from Parliament
- Caused significant changes to the Church and the way it was run
- Supported by the Scots too which threatened the Head of the Church of England (Charles)
- Scottish Presbyterianism directly opposed the English Church
- Overall, The attempt to evolve into a more presbyterian organisation threatened the church of
England, as the aim to remove bishops/prerogative courts in the church affairs strengthened
the presbyterian influence on the church. However, arguably, this threat was less significant due
to the fact that the reforms introduced were ignored by many people, who continued in their
own daily religious lives. The significance of the presbyterian threat is also weakened where
there was limited support amongst conservative puritans to abolish episcopacy failed, showing
a limited threat to the church of England, which lacked a large geographical impact with
enough political support. As well as this, presbyterians were distracted by calls for toleration/
independence (e.g. apologetical narration- 3rd January 1644), meaning they couldn’t focus on
establishing a successful presbyterian church
Link to the other three factors?
- Not the most significant because it was not continuous (Presbyterian influence decreased after
1660)
- Unlike religious radicals which was long term threat to the Church of England from 1645-88
- Religious toleration was seen as a greater threat than Puritanism itself because more radical
groups were able practice their religion.
- Arminianism and Laud: Laud encouraged arminianism changes in the church and claimed the
support of the king. Root and branch petition was a reaction to Arminianism
- Radicals: presbyterian leaders quarrelled with those of the independent, distracting parliament
Arminianism and Laud
Key Details
1. 1633 Laud appointed Archbishop of Canterbury (Charles appointed Arminian clergy into the
Privy Council and House of Lords)
2. HOWEVER Abolition of Prerogative Courts weakened the influence of Arminians and threat of
Presbyterianism reduced influence of episcopacy too
3. Sheldon appointed Bishop of London and later Archbishop of Canterbury in 1663
Analysis - Why was this a threat to the COE?
1. Laud would incorporate practices similar to Catholics (Popery caused widespread fear among
the public). He had significant power to change and reform the Church (caused beautification
of Church: organs, statutes, colour, robes for bishops)
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