AQA Psychology A Level Exam Answer Plans (AO1/AO3): Aggression
A comprehensive set of exam answer plans, clearly broken down into A01 (describe) and AO3 (evaluate) parts. AO1 sections are written in the style of brief bullet points, consisting of all the key information. AO3 sections are colour co...
A01 – Introduction to attachment: Caregiver-infant interactions
Early age = meaningful interactions = important func. In devel
RECIPROCITY (FELDMAN) =
o Both respond to signals and elicit response
o Periodic alert phases = signal ready = respond 2/3
o 3 months = increase freq = active role = both initiate
Interactional synchrony (MELTZOFF AND MOORE) =
o Reflect actions/emotions of other in coordinated way = mirror each other
o Observed beginnings in as young as two weeks
o 1/3 facial/gestures = filmed and identified = assoc found with actions
AO3/A01
P: Supporting ev. P: Methodologically flawed
E: ISABELLA = E: OBSERVING INFANTS =
30 mothers and infants = assess degree of Merely hand movements/changes in expression
synchrony Difficult certain if meaningful
Quality of attach What from baby perspective?
High levels synch = better qual. E: Cannot know for certain if special = lack
E: IS important for devel of mother-infant internal
interaction = backs up…
P: Control P: Don’t tell purpose
E: FILMED = E: FELDMAN =
Multiple angles = fine details Synchrony simply describe beh. Happen at same
Later analysed time
Don’t know = natural = no demand c’s Reliably observed = don’t know meaning
E: Ensures nothing missed/can replicate = E: Study evaluates effectiveness of one = may not
Increase validity apply to others = difficult compare = lack
reliability
P: Socially sensitive
E: Disadvantaged by particular rearing
Return to work = no opp for IS, etc
Important for attach
E: Suggests shouldn’t return = limit opp of mother = decrease QofEL
, A01 – Introduction to attachment: Role of father
PARENT-INFANT ATTACHMENT (SHCAFFER AND EMERSON 1964) =
o Maj to mother first = within few weeks = 2ndary
o 18 months = 75% with father = protested
ROLE OF FATHER (GROSSMAN 2002) =
o Longitudinal study = parents beh. And relationship to qual in teens
o Father’s = less important
o Play = related = diff role = stimulation
FATHER AS PRIMARY (FIELD 1978) =
o Can take on role = 4-month-old face-to-face with PGM, SGF, PGF
o PCF = adopt beh. = level of responsiveness = key to attach
AO3/A01
P: Inconsistent findings P: Contradicting ev.
E: DIFF INTERESTS/RESEARCH Q’S= E: GROSSMAN =
One = understand role as 2ndary = distinct role Fathers as 2ndary = important role in stimulation
Other = as PA = adopt maternal role OTHER =
E: Cannot easily answer simple Q of what role is = Single/same sex = no diff devel
undermines E: Suggests not that important = undermines =
lack reliability
P: Lacks explanatory power P: Methodologically flawed
E: WHY NOT GENERALLY PA? = E: SOCIAL BIAS =
Traditional gender roles = women expected to be Preconceptions about fathers beh. = promoted
more caring by common discussions on diffs in beh.
Don’t feel should act nurturing Stereotypes = more playful, etc
Hormones = oestrogen = bio predisposed to be Cause observer bias = see what expect
PA E: Conclusions = not objective = social bias
E: Research fails give clear answer about fathers affecting recording of obs = lack internal
as PA = limits practical use = undermines
P: Socially sensitive
E: Disadvantaged by particular rearing
Return to work = important for nurturing, etc
Important for attach = mother more important
E: Suggests shouldn’t return = limit opp of mother = decrease QofEL
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