Unit 8 talks about the physiology of the human body systems. The body has a total of 13 systems which all work together to maintain and regulate, 'homeostasis'. This Unit consists of three assignments A (Musculoskeletal system), B (Lymphatic system), and C (Digestive System) Overall, I received a d...
40157986-HAJRAH ALI [UNIT 8]
21-Dec-20
EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM IN THE HUMAN BODY.
A. P1 EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM IN THE HUMAN BODY.
A.M1 COMPARE HOW DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM CAN AFFECT HOW MUSCLES BRING ABOUT
MOVEMENT OF JOINTS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF CORRECTIVE TREATMENT.
STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
The adult human skeletal body consists of 206 bones which provide shape and stability for the body and protection to
the internal organs. In conjunction with attached muscles ligaments and tendons the bones are kept in their correct
located positions and can facilitate an extensive range of movements at the joints within the skeletal system. The
human skeleton is split into two sections based on the purpose and location known as the axial and appendicular. The
axial’s function Is to support and protect the brain, spinal cord, and other organs in the central body cavity and to
provide a surface to the attachment of muscles. It has 80 attached bones including the skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae of
the spine, rib cage and sternum. The appendicular has 126 bones attached including the scapula, clavicle, humerus,
radius, ulna in the arms, femur, tibia and fibula, hip bones and hands and feet bones, it is composed of the upper limbs
which enables to manipulate and grasp objects and the lower limbs which permit locomotion. The upper limbs are
consisting and attached of the pectoral or shoulder girdles. The lower limbs attach the pelvic girdle that attaches the
lower limbs of the body.
ROLE OF LIGAMNETS AND TENDONS
2 bones interconnect; stability and motion.
LIGAMENTS: is a band of strong fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, it
holds structures and stabilises them across joints and stretch to allow movement.
TENDONS: is a band of strong fibrous connective tissues
which attach the muscles to the bones, it moves the
bone or structure. They are partially inelastic. The
contraction of a muscle through a tendon which causes
the movement of a bone at a joint.
EXAMPLE: calf muscle. Achilles tendon attaches the calf muscle (gastrocnemius) to the
heel of the foot (calcaneum).
STRUCTURE OF BONE:
The bone is one of the hardest
connective tissue within the body
and is composed of water and
protein and mineral salts when
fully developed. The bone is a type
of living tissue that is made from
special cells/ units called osteoblasts. There are two main types of
bone tissue called compact and cancellous. Beneath the
periosteum is compact bone, which is hard and dense, it makes up
the shaft of the long bone and the outer layer of the other bones
by providing a firm framework it also protects the spongy bone.
Osteocytes are the cells in the bone and are in concentric rings
called lamellae around a central haversian canal, this consists of a
network which nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels pass and is
made from tiny tubes. Whereas cancellous bone is much more
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, 40157986-HAJRAH ALI [UNIT 8]
21-Dec-20
porous and lighter in weight and has a sponge like appearance. It is located at the end of a long bone and at the centre
of other, it does consist of a haversian system but consist of a web-like arrangement of spaces that are filled with Red
Bone Marrow. The blood vessels run through every layer of the bone passing nutrients and oxygen around the body.
Bone development is known as ossification and the foetus of the bone is made from cartilage rods which converts into a
bone over development from a baby to an infant to adult, it starts of as an embryo near the end of the 2 nd month of a
baby and does not fully develop until 25 th yr. in life. It takes place in three stages and the cartilage forming cells called
chondrocytes enlarge and will arrange rows like the bones they will eventually grow. Osteoblast (special building cells)
will give calcium salts to the bone. A 2 nd set of cells are called osteoclasts which bring antagonistic reaction which
enables the absorption of unwanted bones they are also called cartilage destroying cells.
THE PERIOSTEUM: the periosteum is a white double layered membrane which surrounds itself on the diaphysis of each
bone. The outer layers is made from dense irregular connective tissues, and the inner layer is made from osteoblasts
and osteoclasts. Tufts of collagen attach to the layer to the underlying bone. There are blood and lymphatic vessels and
nerve fibres which enter the bones tissues through special canals.
BONE TYPE
LONG BONE Located in the arms and legs: Femur and Humerus. Much longer not much wide, they have a
shaft with heads at both ends and is mostly made of compact bone
SHORT BONE Located in the wrists and ankles: carpals and tarsals. Are cube shaped and are mostly made
up from spongy bone.
FLAT BONE: Located in the skull and rib cage: Ribs and Frontal Bones. Thin and flat and curved. They
consist of a thin layer of compact bone on circumference by a spongy bone.
IRREGULAR Vertebrae and pelvic grindle bones. These bones do not fit into other bone classification
BONES categories and are irregular shaped.
SESAMOID BONE A tiny bone independent nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular and
where there is a lot of pressure. An example is the patella (kneecap).
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