Lecture notes
OCR A level PE revision notes - Applied Anatomy and Physiology
This document provides key notes for the module Applied Anatomy and Physiology, hope you find this useful and message me if you have any questions :)
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
Available practice questions
Flashcards
24 Flashcards
£2.99
0 sales
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
State 6 components of a joint
Answer: Bursa Tendon Ligament Muscle Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Joint capsule Synovial fluid
2.
Describe the 3 planes of movement using a practical example for each plane.
Answer: Frontal plane – divides the body into front and back e.g. a cartwheel takes place in the frontal plane. Sagittal plane – divides the body into left and right e.g. a bicep curl takes place in the sagittal plane. Transverse – divides the body into top and bottom e.g. a cricket bowl takes place in the transverse plane.
3.
Describe the 5 types of joints and give an example for each.
Answer: Hinge – joint is shaped like a hinge and can only flex and extend e.g. the elbow and knee joint. Ball and socket – joint is shaped like a ball and a socket, range of movement is large e.g. shoulder and hip joint. Pivot – round bone and ring shaped bone articulate each other, only allows rotation in one plane e.g. radio-ulnar joint. Condyloid – similar to ball and socket but with flatter bone surfaces therefore it only has movement in two planes e.g. wrist joint. Gliding – flat surfaced bones which slide past one another e.g. the spine.
4.
Describe 4 movements that take place in the sagittal plane
Answer: Flexion – the angle of the joint decreases (front). Extension – the angle of the join decreases (back). Dorsi flexion – ankle joint angle decreases, pointing the toes upwards. Plantar flexion – ankle joint angle increases, pointing the toes downwards.
5.
Describe the 2 movements that take place in the frontal plane
Answer: Abduction – movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. Adduction – movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.
Flashcards
23 Flashcards
£2.99
0 sales
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
Describe pulmonary circulation
Answer: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.
2.
Describe systemic circulation
Answer: pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
3.
Describe the flow of blood around the pulmonary circuit
Answer: Vena cava to right atrium to right ventricle (via tricupsid valve) to pulmonary artery (via pulmonary semi-lunar valve) to lungs.
4.
Describe the flow of blood around the systemic circuit
Answer: Left atrium to bicuspid valve to left ventricle to aorta (via aortic semi-lunar valve) to body.
5.
Describe the conduction system of the heart
Answer: The heart is myogenic, this means that it can generate its own impulse. 1. The SA node located in the aorta generates the impulse acting as a pacemaker. 2. The AV node delays the impulse for 0.1 seconds so that the ventricles can fill with blood. The impulse is then fired to the Bundle of His. 3. The Bundle of His located in the septum of the heart splits the impulse into two. 4. The bundle branches distribute the impulse to each ventricle base. 5. The Purkinje fibres fire the impulse at the ventricle walls causing them to contract. 6. This is one cardiac cycle.
Flashcards
17 Flashcards
£2.99
0 sales
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
Describe the pathway of air
Answer: Mouth/nose to Pharynx to Larynx to Trachea to Bronchi to Bronchioles to Alveoli to Lungs
2.
Give respiratory values for trained and untrained performers at rest and during maximal exercise (give for Breathing rate (BR), Tidal volume (TV)and Minute ventilation (ME)).
Answer: Trained at rest BR = 11-12bpm TV = 0.5L ME = 5.5-6L/min Trained during maximal exercise BR = 50-60bpm TV = 3-3.5L ME = 160-210L/min Untrained at rest BR = 12-15bpm TV = 0.5L ME = 6-7.5L/min Untrained during maximal exercise BR = 40-50bpm TV = 2.5-3L ME = 100-150L/min
3.
Describe breathing rate and give the units
Answer: number of breaths inspired or expired per minute, measured in breaths per minute (bpm)
4.
Describe Tidal volume
Answer: volume of air inspired or expired per breath, measured in litres (L) or millilitres (ml).
5.
Describe Minute ventilation
Answer: Volume of air expired or inspired per minute, measured in Litres pr minute (L/min).
Flashcards
10 Flashcards
£2.99
0 sales
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
Define energy
Answer: capacity to work and perform
2.
Describe ATP
Answer: Adenosine Triphosphate, food is metabolised into ATP.
3.
What is ATP broken down by and into?
Answer: ATP is broken down by ATPase into ADP + Pi + energy (exothermic reaction)
4.
Describe the resynthesis of ATP
Answer: ADP + Pi + energy = ATP
5.
State the 3 energy systems
Answer: ATP-PC system, Glycolytic system and the aerobic system.
Flashcards
10 Flashcards
£2.99
0 sales
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
Define EPOC
Answer: (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption) - volume of oxygen required to return post-exercise body conditions to pre-exercise body conditions.
2.
Describe the processes of the fast component of EPOC
Answer: 1. Replenishment of AT and PC stores, 2. Restoration of myoglobin and oxygen stores.
3.
Describe the duration of the fast component of EPOC
Answer: 3 mins, 30 seconds = half of PC stores replenished.
4.
How much oxygen is used for the fast component of EPOC? (L)
Answer: 1-4L
5.
Describe the processes of the slow component of EPOC
Answer: 1. Elevated circulation, ventilation and body temperature, 2. Removal of lactic acid.
Flashcards
16 Flashcards
£2.99
0 sales
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
Define Altitude
Answer: An area above sea level in height e.g. mountains.
2.
Define hypoxia
Answer: condition where oxygen is deprived.
3.
Define hyperoxia
Answer: condition where oxygen is of excess supply
4.
Define acclimatisation
Answer: The process of adapting to a new environment
5.
Describe the early effects of altitude training on the CV system
Answer: 1. Oxygen is more costly. 2. Less oxygen transport.
Flashcards
10 Flashcards
£2.99
0 sales
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
Define Hypothermia
Answer: significantly lowered core body temperature
2.
Define hyperthermia
Answer: significantly raised core body temperature
3.
Define thermoregulation
Answer: the regulation of core body temperature
4.
Define dehydration
Answer: lack of water in body tissues, usually caused by sweating or lack of fluid intake.
5.
What is the Hypothalamus
Answer: region of the brain which is responsible for controlling body temperature.
Content preview
APPLIED ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYContents
Joints and movements – 1-3
Muscular system – 3-5
Cardiovascular system – 6-8
Respiratory system – 9-10
Energy for exercise – 11
EPOC - 12
Exercise at altitude - 13
Exercise in the heat – 14
Sources used - 14
Joints and movements
Components of a joint
Ligaments – tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue which connect bone to
bone.
Synovial fluid – contains Hyaluronic acid which lubricates the joint reducing friction
between bones.
Articular cartilage – smooth tissue which covers the surface of bones.
Joint capsule – fibrous sac with inner synovial membrane, encloses the joint.
Bursa – closed, fluid filled sac where tendons rub over bones, reduce friction between
tendons and bones.
1|Page
, Planes of movement
TIP – The plane refers to the point of view which the movement is best seen from.
Frontal plane – divides the body into front and back e.g. a cartwheel takes place in the
frontal plane.
Sagittal plane – divides the body into left and right e.g. a bicep curl takes place in the
sagittal plane.
Transverse – divides the body into top and bottom e.g. a cricket bowl takes place in the
transverse plane.
Types of synovial joints
Hinge – joint is shaped like a hinge and can only flex and extend e.g. the elbow and
knee joint.
Ball and socket – joint is shaped like a ball and a socket, range of movement is large
e.g. shoulder and hip joint.
Pivot – round bone and ring shaped bone articulate each other, only allows rotation in
one plane e.g. radio-ulnar joint.
Condyloid – similar to ball and socket but with flatter bone surfaces therefore it only
has movement in two planes e.g. wrist joint.
Gliding – flat surfaced bones which slide past one another e.g. the spine.
Types of movement
Movements are often designated to their own plane.
Sagittal plane
Flexion – the angle of the joint decreases (front).
Extension – the angle of the join decreases (back).
Dorsi flexion – ankle joint angle decreases, pointing the toes upwards.
Plantar flexion – ankle joint angle increases, pointing the toes downwards.
Frontal plane
Abduction – movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
Adduction – movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.
2|Page
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller nathanbates. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £4.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
66579 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now