A Full Summary of the Pearson Edexcel Paper 1 geography content. This document includes these topics: Water Cycle and Insecurity, Carbon Cycle and Energy Security, Tectonic Processes and Hazards, Coastal Landscapes and Change
,Contents
Water Cycle and Insecurity
Carbon Cycle and Energy Security
Tectonic Processes and Hazards
Coastal Landscapes and Change
, Water Cycle and Insecurity
EQ1
Distribution of global water
• Hydrosphere- water on earth's surface, makes up 96.5%
• Atmosphere- the air above us, makes up 0.001%
• Cryosphere- frozen water, makes up 1.7%
• Lithosphere- rocky outer layer of earth, make up 1.7%
Limited availability of water
• Accessible freshwater only makes up 1%
Inputs, outputs, flows and fluxes
Fluxes- types of movement of water, mainly rainfall, surface run off, evapotranspiration
• The main input is precipitation
• The main outputs are evaporation, transpiration and discharge
Relief Rainfall- occurs due to landscape shape
Convectional rainfall- happens due to warmth in the air rising
Frontal rainfall- warm air meets cooler air front, warm air rises mixing to form rainfall
Flows-
• Interception- through retention of water by plants or soil
• Infiltration- water soaks into plants and soil
• Percolation- deep transfer of water into bedrock
• Throughflow- lateral transfer of water downslope
• Groundwater flow- very slow transfer of percolated water
• Surface runoff- water movement overland
• Chanel flow- waters enters river or stream
Drainage basins- physical factors
Climate-
• Mainly impacts inputs and outputs
• Changes the amount and type of precipitation and amount of evaporation
Soils-
• Affects the importance of different flows in the system
• Determines infiltration rates
Geology-
, • Affects surface run off
• Impacts percolation and groundwater flow
• Effects soil formation
Relief-
• Effects surface run-off
• Impacts the amount of rainfall
• Slopes affect run off
Vegetation-
• Affect surface run-off
• Presence of plants has major impact on interception, infiltration and transpiration.
Human factors on drainage basins
River management-
• Construction of reservoirs
• Use of domestic supply
• Irrigation
Deforestation-
• Reduces evapotranspiration
• Increase infiltration
• Increases surface run off
Agriculture-
• Arable to pastoral farming (soil compacts)
• Ploughing increase infiltration for arable farming
Urbanisation-
• Tarmac, concrete etc, speed up surface run off increasing flooding
Case study- Amazon basin
Deforestation has disputed the drainage basin cycle in a number of ways-
• A lowering in humidities
• Less precipitation
• More surface sun off and infiltration
• More evaporation, less transpiration
• More soil erosion and silt being fed into rivers
Hydrographs
Flashy hydrograph-
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