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5.9b - assess the value of more sustainable schemes of restoration of water supplies and
water conservation. CHECK IF DESALINATION COUNTS AS A SUSTAINABLE SCHEME
· IWRM - integrated water resource management
Local governance and regulation and planning of water sources
However, uk - water metres and dual flush toilets
57% uk homes have no water metre
59% do not have dual flush toilets
Challenge of changing mindsets of corporate bodies and individuals
Conflicts may arise over sustainable use as all water user’s needs need to be addressed
New tech in LICs is unaffordable
Smart irrigation: Significant impact on the conservation of water given the huge amount of water
saved by irrigation. Traditional sprinklers and surface flow systems are being replaced by modern
automated spray technology and advanced drip irrigation systems. However, they are complex to
install and require advanced knowledge, and they can have high maintenance costs. But effective.
California -
· Recycling of greywater: a low-cost option that produces water for agricultural use, but not
human consumption. An example of this is in Singapore where they use cutting edge technology to
reuse water endlessly.·
Rainwater harvesting: where people collect the rain falling on the roofs of dwellings and store it for
various domestic purposes, such as flushing toilets and watering the garden. Civilians in Singapore
are encouraged to do this. Since 2003, per capita domestic water consumption has fallen from 165
litres per day to 150 litres per day.
Despite Singapore's efforts -Singapore has to import water from Malaysia.
· 2) Desalination e.g. in Israel.
Saves the country from relying on imports.
85% of the country's drinkable water was produced through desalination
stable supply of water.
Extra water given to neighbouring countries
Reduces tensions between countries
Reduces water scarcity
Tech can always improve
Less groundwater abstracted - time to restore aquifers
However,
it is expensive and could only work for developed countries that have a nearby sea to extract water
from.
Each plant requires own power station (CO2 emissions)
Vast amounts of salt produced - harms ecosystems
Increase in heart problems in population
Assessment- these all bring economic and environmental benefits as less water is wasted and
vulnerable ecosystems such as wetlands are more protected. Also there are social benefits as there
is less risk of water insecurity. Conflicts may arise over sustainable use as all water user’s
needs need to be addressed
, 5.8b Assess the potential for conflicts to occur between users within a country, and
internationally over local and transboundary water sources.
·
Transboundary conflicts along the Mekong; - mismatch between population and supply
- Water needed for irrigation in Vietnam
- Laos has built dams to produce hydropower which affects transport as it stops fish
migration, reducing food availability as fishing is the main food resource.
- Dams prevent flooding which prevents nutrients from reaching the soil, decreasing arable
land which reduces rice paddy's resulting in less money in areas like Thailand which has 50%
arable land.
- The Mekong Delta has experienced a reduction in water which reduces rice production,
causing issues with GDP and food availability.
- Saltwater floods the Mekong Delta when there isn't enough water flowing downstream
due to dams so rice production is lost.
- areas have increasing water stress
- areas have increasing water demands
- rapidly developing economies
- climate change escalates demand and water stress
Transboundary conflicts along the River Nile; diverted water
- increase in development - more water demands
- Between Egypt-Sudan-Ethiopia
- Shared by 11 countries.
- Egypt relies on the Nile for agriculture, livelihoods and food, especially Cairo. With 95% of
water needs dependent on the Nile.
- Ethiopia wants the Nile for 2011, GERD (Ethiopia dam) which generated electricity to
export and neighbourhoods benefit.
- Egypt's agreements with Sudan to give full control of the Nile to Egypt caused conflict as
300 million live along and rely on the Nile.
- weak governance in developing regions and underdeveloped regions that are requiring
higher water demands - potential for conflicts = political tensions
- depends on location - upstream to nile - more benefits
- agreements are weak - Egypt, ethiopia and Sudan
- can be avoided through cooperation and proper negotiation.
- Legal frameworks such as the Helsinki rules can help with the allocation and sustainable
use of transboundary water sources. This has been effective in the Mekong River basin. This
decreases the chance for conflicts but for how long?
- Due to the lack of enforceability, there is no consequence for countries that don’t follow
the rules. This limits its effectiveness.
Within countries
Colorado basin - disputes occur between the states of california and arizona in the usa, and
internationally with mexico.
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