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Edexcel A level and AS level geography tectonics KI1.3 summary notes £2.99
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  3. PEARSON (PEARSON)
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  5. Geography 2016
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  7. Unit 1 - Dynamic Landscapes (9GGEO01)

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Edexcel A level and AS level geography tectonics KI1.3 summary notes
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Summary notes for Edexcel A level and AS level geography tectonics topic, part of the Dynamic landscapes unit. Key idea 1.3- '3 Physical processes explain the causes of tectonic hazards.' Each key idea has been broken into sub-key ideas, with examples throughout. Hope this helps!

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  • June 22, 2023
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  • 2022/2023
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KI1.3: Physical processes explain the causes of tectonic hazards

a. Earthquake waves (P, S and L waves) cause crustal fracturing, ground shaking and
secondary hazards (liquefaction and landslides)

- The epicentre is the point that energy radiates out from
- The hypocentre / focus is the point directly above this on the Earth’s surface

Primary (P) waves - Body wave
- Compressions and expansions in the rock
- Can travel through liquid, so can be detected around world
- Travel much fastest
- Cause least damage
Secondary (S) waves - Body wave
- Vertical movement
- Can’t travel through liquid
- Much more destructive than P waves
- Arrive second
Love (L) waves - Surface wave
- Side to side movement
- Arrive last as only travel on surface
- Large amplitude, causing significant damage




Primary hazards
- Crustal fracturing- these are gaps in the ground caused by shaking. They can leave fault
scarps
- Ground shaking- this also includes aftershocks

Secondary hazards
- Liquefaction- this is when the ground which is saturated with water and made of gravel
turns into a liquid-like state. This may cause buildings to sink or collapse (e.g. Japan
2011)
- Landslides- frequently occur on loose ground and slopes (e.g. Landslides accounted for
30% of deaths in the Kashmir earthquake)

b. Volcanoes cause lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ash falls, gas eruptions, and secondary
hazards (lahars, jökulhlaups)

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