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Summary Alevel OCR Biology A notes on Communicable Diseases
Alevel OCR Biology A notes on Communicable Diseases from an A* biology student. Plus diagrams.
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· endemic disease always present·
epidemic:l arge 4 void
in cases
large
·
pandemic:e pidemic becomes
scale international.
+
communicable Diseases
-Infections diseases caused -
by pathogens, transmissible (malria, HIV/AIDS, TB)
diseases degenerative diseases lung
-
non-infections -
long term cancer, cystic fibrosis)
-
Bacteria prohcryotes,
=
mostly pathoogenic
>
M. Tuberculosis: human TB, N. Meningitidis:h uman bacterial meningitis, Potato ring nor
Viruses
-
cellular structure, infect lose cells genetic material
replicate proteins.
=
no
-
+
↳
Tobacco virus= yellow plane leaves, Incluenza vins= human the, HIV= altech human immune
mosaic
system
-
Protoctista-
m icellular encryctes
↳
Plasmodium falciparum hman malaria,
=
P.mestans potato
=
blight
Frugi= euhcryotic cells (all wall +
large central vacuoles, hyphae)
↳
Cattle ringuorm athletes loor=
+
sin surface, Black Banana lingal disease
Sigaroha=
-Direct physical
transmission: compact, close
proximity, spares
-Indirect transmission vec tor
=
(insects, reproduce large
in numbers)
of pathogens susceptible individuals,
-
Transmission depends on presence + sale animals are reinstant
[
↑
factors affecting -high population dense areas injection rates
=
direct trans-
mission disease
Carring
-
monocultures large albreak
-
factor affecting
indirect transmission E biology of rectors weather
+ +
climate:population of rection
↳
Gemale mosquitoes favor high rainfall, temps
+
humidity:m alcria more common
tropics
in subtropics
+
↳
4 iod malaria epidemics due to
climatic + environmental changes
nuce of poverlytransmission of wman diseases (thygeire), human
movement-migration:population 4 connected
-Passive defence mechanisms:
physical barrier (waxy article, allose all wall, closed stomara, ban, semparian strip),
chemical defences:
pathogens cant grow on
plans space due acidid
to condition
(Toxins, stilly reim in back, enzyme inhibitor=
tannins, receptor molecules, compands enavaging
of competing microorganism).
growth
-
Active defence mechanisms -
cell all
walls:
signalling vital, hypersensitivity:
rapid death of tissue around infection site,
physical barrier=
reinforced cell wall (callose +
liguins, plasmodesmata narrowing, ingrowth
into xylemn ussels, phloem blockage.
-cell signalling (digest altoloses signals phytodexis
cellulase enzymes resulting molecules to all surface receptors:release
-
-
=
->long
term.
=salicylic acid= t o winfected
migrates creas: activate defence mechanisms:
systematic acquired resistance
=ethylene =
plant communication, ethylene vaporises: other leaves on same plan stimulated:recretion
, Humans
t
Pathogen
Method of Transmission
Type
Bacterium
virus
Indirect lemale mosquitos
Protoctist
-
Direct-contact injected
with cattle
Cattle
ringworm
Lingus items
Athlete's Direct-conserer with touched
by insected
assumeebrum
lost
+
individuals.
I
plants
Pathogen Disease method of
Host Pathogen transmission
Type caused
C. midiganese Direct-contact w/ other
Bacterium ring not Potato, tomato
infected tubers.
Direct-connect w/hal
ViWS TobaccoMosaic Tobacco Tobacco mosaic
virus
of insected plants
viws (TMV)
Indirect-vector (oplich)
-
Bananas M. Gijaneis Direct -
spares
Black Sigatoha
Cunque
-
Direct -
Spores
Protoctist late
blight potato, tomato P. infestans
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