Summary
A* Alevel Biology Student Digital Summary Notes
Digital summaries of Alevel OCR Biology A topics from an A* student, with diagrams and photographs.
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TOPICS: online votes completed-
Exchange surfaces
Transport animals
-
in
Transport plants
in
-
Commicable diseases
-
biodiversity
-
classification evolution
+
-communication conectasis
+
Excretion
-
-wemronal
-
commucation
hormonal communication OCR BIO A
-plant responses bottie megowan
-
animal responses
-
plotosynthesi
-
respiration
-cellular control
-patterns of inheritance
-manipulating genomes
coving bictechnology
-
+
ecosystems
I
-
no culine notes, but
-populations +
sustainability know topics well.
-
cen divisio
, communication + Homeostasis
-
physical coune
systems maintain the internal environment within restricted limits.
of
-
ensure maintanance optimal condition for enzyme action cell function
+
-nervous system:CNS (braint spinal cord) + PNS (all verves a body
endocrine system:endocrine glands par of organism
-
release formoves into blood tream, transmit into from are to
another bring
to about a change.
-gland:group of cells that produce and releases are or more substance (secretions
-optimum pH hydogen =
and icric bands broken:
allers active site shape
-blood glucose b lood
conc=glue in alters water potential
+
availability of respiritory substrate
for all
temperature is
-
temp of tissue find around all it
s oo
high/low regatively
=
affect rate of enzyme contoced
reactions.
↳
Low temps prevent reactions/slow them down:Ifrequency of successful collision
↳
as temp continues 4,
to at
rate which an enzyme catalpes a reaction, denatles, bands break, tertiary
structure changes, permanately damaged active site
(transfers inco),
-
negative feedback loop receptor, coordination system elector.
-
↳
reduces initial elect a stimulus, uses two corrective rechariors
positive of original
-
feedback loop- enhance elect stimulus
-cell signalling:
allows multicellular organism to control + coordinate their bodies respond
+
to emiroment.
↳
stimulus recieved by receptor cel -> converted signal
to (transduction) -> transmitted target
to all leftector) response.
=
-animals:
paracrine signalling (culls close together)
+
endocrine signalling (cell for apart
-signalling molecules
vry
=
small-
easy transport across membrane
Thermoregulation:c or ner of
-
internal body temp
-Endotherms: count can body temp (hear generated in body tissues
-Ectotherms:b ehavioral adaptations:internal temp stay comerant (absab leal from environment
-Endotherms=peripheral receptors communicate
w/ hypothalamus
=cooking:vasodilation, sweating, flatter hairs
=heating:vasoconstriction, metabolic rate, slivering, erection of hairs
-Ectotherms:avoid extremes of temps, bask in sun/seen shade
, Photosynthesis permeable outer layer lice small
-
molecule (
I
-
chloroplasts double
-
membrane envelope inver membrace:
transport protein:certain morecules/inn can enter/leave
↳
Stroma thylanoide (flatened shid filled sacs) 70s ribosomes DNAloop starch grains
= +
+ +
-
thylaucid membrace pigments, enzymes
=
election
+
carriers
-
Hylancial stack:
grana, connected by lamellal
grand membrane:large surface areat many pigment
4
molecules: light absorption plotosystems
=
selectivetransparproteinconnectareen
Merma
!)}@#5.
~>
3 envelope
asananaputs
grain
e
↓
/ light absorptich
stroma
photosystems-t ylaloid membrace =
light independent
dI**I
d grana= light
absorb
light energy
dependent
7
↓
surrounds grana
+
p roduct
membranes: transport rapid.
get like did has enzymes catalyse light independent stage
=
distance by pigmen
rf distance by scent
-
=
accessary pigments surrounding primary pigment:similar different
+
wavelengths
(yellow-green)
chlorophyle=a
chomarcgraphy
-
b
+
(blue-green):reflect green light
-carotenoids =
B carotere (orange) Xanthophyle
+
(yellow)
3 separated by
-light dependent thylaucids
=
-> plotolysis
-light energy break down water: hydrogen ion, electrons 02
+
Hylahcid
in lumen
=protongradient:4 cone & H wren
in
(ETC)
-electrons in
electron transport chain withmembrace
=
HT
OILRIG
NADPHproduced when s troma
in + electrons combine w/NADP
=plotophosphorylation ATP
=
-
-Plotophosphorylation excited
=
electrons move along ETC, electron carries reduced (gaindectrons +
oxidised (lose
->proton purp
electrons, gradually release actively transport
energy: protone across thylaloid membrace to
cycic" on cyclic wien=
proton graders:
p rotone return stroma
to via facilitated diffusion via transmembrane
↓ ↓
arePhoto batter- ATP synthase (chenicosmosis):ABD+Pi=AT
(PSI)
-
cyclic photophosphorylation:
election primary pigment
in excited to 4
energy wal (photoactivation), captured by
↓ electron acceptor
doesnt produce NADPH
, stock
NADPH X orgoric->
complex
->
-
I novauces,ease
light dependent light independent
ans-
moved
->
to - >
HTP
AP (ADP+Pi ATD)
=
- location
Photosynthesis 2
-
non-cyclic plotophosphorylation:
light abcrbed PSI,
in a electrons excited to
higher energy even (protoconisatal
passed down ETC->passed to PSI, chemignosis occur (Hpass from low cone
in stroma -> 4 cons thylancid
in lumen= proton ATP synthes).
grader=
=PSI has O2-euching catalyses
complex: protolyip: electrons released
+
replace electrons in PSI, electrons reduce oxidise
+
proteins combine
+
w/H +
MADP NADPH light independent reaction
= =
-light-independent calvin cycle
=
-
require
doesn't ATP from light produces
=
ADP +
NADP
=Rubisco catalyses fixation of CO2 by combining w/ noucule of Rup (5c) =
. . " "Mr
.56t4
molecules
and3
regenerate
ATP
u
2 TP
calin cycle
spirits are
CO2
remoed
environment
has been fixed
from external
=
well
organize E
-
molecules
reeded by
He plant
reduction of GP occur
by energy from
Afrom NADPH
ATP +
3 light dependent stage
Photosynthesis
-
factors photosynthetic pigments, supply of CO2, supply d H20, light temp
-
energy,
-
limiting factors-
light intensity, CO2 conc, tmp ↑
Xcalvin cycle allected by temp stomara close
=
=
↓ ↓ temp, enzyme controlled, -> reduce water loss
4
light =
energy needed
CO2 enough light to produce
for carbon fixation= ATP NADPH
=
4 temp will
light
+
-faster ↓
4
CO2
Calin = ↑
plolosynalesis
dependent stage =
cycle:4 photosynthesis N
↑
ATP NADPH
+
A
for calir cycle
>
Temp
limiting CO2
rachor
>
2I
in (GP absence of
4
-
↓ LI=↓in TP +
RUBP, inGP builds up as it's nor converted to
TP, ATP+NADH, lack of
iP RuBP
=
wore form=
carbon fixation shops, Gp plateaus (
t conco (accept
-
CO2 ↓in
=
GP +
TP,
4
inRuBP CO2, lack of CO2 remaine unfixed
=
builds up
-
prevent
=
GP TP
+
formation).
-inderstanding ellect a limiting factors 4 crop
=
yields (agricuriral implications)
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