Summary
Summary Urbanisation- International A-Level Geography notes
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- PEARSON (PEARSON)
International A-Level Geography notes including AS-Level
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A- level Urban,
,Urbanisation- the increasing proportion of people that live in towns and cities
Urban sprawl-Spread of an urban area, usually characterised by low density housing
Megacity- A population of over 10 million people
Urban growth- The rate at which the population of an urban area increases
Slums- Highly congested urban areas are marked by deteriorated, unsanitary buildings, poverty, and
social disorganisation. Can be housing which was formerly good quality.
Squatters- Settle on land, especially public or unoccupied land, without rights.
Shantytowns- Made with informal building materials.
*Slums and shantytowns refer to the environmental aspects of the area where a community resides,
while squatters refer to the legality of the land ownership and other infrastructure provision.
, Housing affordability
The imbalance between housing demand and supply in some cities has led to affordability issues and
other problems (income deprivation, homelessness, overcrowding)
Where the demandfor housing exceedsthe supply, house prices tend to be high
Factors that affect affordability:
- Petrol costs- transport
- Cost of doing business
- Housing areas/ space - rent
- Reliance on imports (food and resources)
- Development levels of a country
Index of Multiple Deprivation:
A UK gov statistical study of deprived areas in UK local authorities.
- Measures poverty and deprivation across seven different dimensions or domains
- Poverty- lack of financial resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and
have the living conditions and amenities which are customary or at least widely encouraged or
approved in the society to which we belong
- Deprivation- lack of resources of all kinds, not just financial, wide range of individuals living
conditions
Affordable Housing- Accounts for 30% or less of a household’s income
Housing overcrowding- If less than one room is available in each household
- couple
- single person 18+
- people of the same gender 12-17
- single person 12-17
- pair of children below 12
Factors affecting affordability within a city:
- closer to centre, more in local authority due to high cost of housing
- Further away from the centre, more affordable (earning and housing price is similar)
- Deprivation is high in inner city
- Kensington and Chelsea has the highest cost of housing and the highest ratio of homelessness
Causes of housing inequality:
- Income inequality
- Lack of social welfare
- Lack of housing developments.
How is income deprivation exacerbated by the housing situation in Hong Kong:
By having limited housing and space. Housing is seen as a commodity- investments drive-up price.
The gov controls how they use the space for housing development only 4% of the land is allowed to
be densely populated
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