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  3. PEARSON (PEARSON)
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  5. History 2015
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  7. Unit 35.2 - The British experience of warfare, c1790-1918

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Summary British Experience of Warfare Revision Pack

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A really detailed summary of every section of the British Experience of Warfare course. Both depth and breadth focus, with statistics and examples. A summary of the key details to get through all three sectinos of the British Experience of Warfare Exam.

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  • February 14, 2024
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By: meenaabd2005 • 9 months ago

Great, concise yet detailed notes. Very helpful for a module as broad as this one.

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British Experience of Warfare Revision Pack

Britain and the French Wars 1793-1815
 War at Sea
o So far…
 Spithead and Nore mutinies in 1797 – poor conditions, politics
 Press gangs
 Introduction of fruit and veg on ships = no scurvy
o Glorious 1st June 1794
 Howe hears of a French grain convoy – fleets meet 400 miles into the
Atlantic
 French – 26 ships, British – 25 ships
 They meet their opposite numbered ship – cuts off the French
o Battle of the Nile – August 1798
 All the French ships were in a line when Nelson found them near
Alexandria – Brueys was the French Admiral – ropes between the
ships to avoid the boats getting separated
 Out of 13 ships only 2 escaped
 French mistakes – mooring all guns facing the sea, poor preparation as
they did not expect to fight in the night
 Nelson’s leadership – gave power to other leaders rather than
micromanaging, lantern system to avoid friendly fire, first few minutes
of a battle are crucial so took out two ships within minutes
 British gunnery, seamanship, technology – smaller and shallower
ships, faster ships, British carronades (manoeuvrable, quick-firing,
large shot at short range, smaller crew) – 74 British vs 120 French –
reduced mobility of the French Navy
o Copenhagen 2nd April 1801
 Parker (British Admiral) – wants to drive the Danish out
 Nelson does not have patience and ignores his senior’s command – the
two commanders were opposites
 The battle was politically uncomfortable because Denmark was neutral
even though they were in partnership with Russia
 Heavily floating batteries on hulks to keep enemy ships away, forts
 Parker orders a surrender and Nelson fought on despite this
o Battle of Trafalgar – 21st October 1805
 Nelson’s 27 ships (17,000 men and 2,148 guns) to the enemy’s 33
ships (30,000 men and 2,568 guns)
 French/Spanish were led by Gravina and Villeneuve – they had a
strained relationship
 British had two columns – Nelson and Collingwood – Nelson’s touch –
only signalled 9 times
 HMS Victory – “pell mell” – badly damaged as she was under heavy
fire from 5 ships for 40 minutes
 Atlantic swell meant that the French/Spanish could not establish their
positions
 Point blank firing – French guns were powerful but inaccurate – you
can never go too wrong by putting your ship against an enemy one –

, British can unleash a broadside within 90 seconds, guns were also fired
30 times before acceptance meaning that it was far more reliable
 Nelson’s leadership – British crescent, Nelson’s touch, intense training
regime beforehand, Collingwood’s bravery and discipline
 Gaps in French lines exploited by the British
 Sniper from Redoubtable shot Nelson and he dies
 War on Land
o Vimeiro – 21st August 1808
 Wellington had 9,000 men to total 30,000 – siege tactics
 Sir Moore and Dalrymple arrive but have not fought a battle in 20
years
 Dalrymple refuses Wellington’s order to pursue the fleeing French
 A treaty is signed
o Talavera – July 1809
 Ill-equipped Spanish, poor Spanish leadership – British trained them
 Portuguese Army integrated with the British Army following training
by William Carr
o Torres Vedras – 1809-1810
 A protection line during the winter of 1809-1810 – near Lisbon
 Alliance with the Portuguese – lines are manned with 25,000
Portuguese militia and 11,000 Portuguese Home Guard
 The British could be supplied by sea and the French would struggle to
bring up a siege train
 Scorched earth policy following deserted villages
 Intense training and cracking down on the lifestyle of officers –
brothels, theatres, unnecessary trips etc.
o Ciudad Rodrigo
 Siege work – artillery to breach fortress walls before hand-to-hand
combat
 Townspeople killed, raped, and robbed – Thomas Picton’s discipline
 Many looters were flogged, but not hanged
 5,000 men dead
o Badajoz
o Salamanca – July 1812
 High terrain to shield his army and took the French by surprise
 Wellington – 50,000 men – French destroyed in 40 mins with 14,000
casualties
 Maximilien Foy – this showed Wellington to be a master of
manoeuvres
o Vitoria – Summer 1813
 Wellington attacked both front and rear, cutting off a French retreat
 Advancing 300 miles in 30 days with 80,000 men
 Spanish guerrillas gave Wellington excellent intelligence
 British soldiers began looting again
o Waterloo – 18th June 1815
 Wellington said the outcome would have been different had he not
been there – used the terrain to hide part of the army, therefore the
French bombardment was ineffective

,  British had 68,000 men and 156 guns compared to Napoleon’s 72,000
men and 246 guns — but with Blücher’s support the British would be
superior
 Napoleon – ill, his men would be attacking uphill, ground was
waterlogged – French guns had to wait until 11am rather than dawn
 Some heavy fire from Napoleon’s gran battery of artillery caused some
Dutch and Belgian units to break free and flee
 Ney – mistakenly took pursuit of the British, thinking they were
retreating, and the British formed squares firing volleys into French
horseman with bayonets fixed – Ney also fails to support this pursuit
with artillery or infantry – Prussian troops join the battle at this time
 Marshal Grouchy – 30,000 troops to keep the Prussians away but failed
 How significant was the impact of the French Wars on the British Economy?
o 1799 and 1800 Combination Acts – outlawed trade unions, and later Luddism
o First income tax introduced under William Pitt in 1799
o Trade became a key weapon – Order in the Council in 1807 aimed at countries
that were allies with Napoleon but also those that tried to exclude the British
flag
o Napoleon’s Continental System failed as smugglers and neutral merchants
continued to carry goods across the Channel – damaged France more
o RN demanded to board any boat which annoyed the French and the Americans
– USA banned British trade – led to the war of 1812
o Value of British exports rose during the wars while exports to Europe nearly
doubled in the 1790s – by 1812 France lifted the tariffs on British colonial
trade e.g. cotton, sugar, and tea
o 1813 trade tariffs meant that timber was cheaper from Canada – new trade
routes opened with Spain, Portugal, Latin America
o Financial squeeze – wages stagnated whilst prices rose, Speenhamland system
o Seven Years War cost Britain £160m, French Wars £1.6bn – not only fighting
the war but funding alliances – the money was borrowed (the war was on
credit) because of Britain’s already sophisticated banking system – Nathan
Rothschild helped fund the swelling national debt – the government offered
government stocks – 600 banks by the end of the war – London Stocks
o Encyclopaedia Britannica claimed in the 1790s Britain was leading farming as
output per worker was 50% higher than European competitors
o Corn Laws 1815 – regulation of grain prices, larger farms, fewer workers,
crop rotation systems, selective breeding, new machinery, Arthur Young –
magazine about agricultural modernisation, enclosure of farmland
(Parliamentary Enclosure Acts)
o Poor harvest in 1809/1810
o Crompton’s spinning mule – 1818 337 spinning mills, wars stimulated its
production, iron making also boomed with South Wales producing 10,000
tonnes a year, steam engine development
o Martello Towers – seaside forts to protect against French invasion as well as
communication lines between Portsmouth and London
o Threat from Luddites, mostly in Yorkshire, were suppressed by troops to keep
the peace – ideas of the French Rev found their way to London with Robert
Owen supporting model factory communities

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