This document includes detailed explanations of the processes associated with population change, fertility, and mortality, including diagrams and a Case Study. This corresponds to CIE AS level Geography.
natural change of population: difference between the birth rate and the
death rate of a country
- natural increase: birth rate > death rate
- natural decrease: birth rate < death rate
carrying capacity: the number of people, animals, or crops which a
region can support without environmental degradation.
Recent demographic change
Low-income country (LIC) - higher population and rate of population
growth than High-income countries
- this has only been taking place after WW2 - population boom in
less developed countries
- HICs had period of rapid population growth in the 19th and 20th
centuries
1960s: highest ever global population growth rate ---> 2.4% a year in
LICs
- population explosion: describes the rapid population growth at
the time
1990s: rate of population growth per year had fell to 1.8%
- even if the rate of population growth has been falling for years,
population momentum meant that the population growth rate did
not peak until the 1980s
Population momentum of Malaysia
At just over 30 million people, this Southeast Asian nation reached
replacement level fertility around the year 2000 (down from a 6-child
average in the 1950s). Yet, with 25% of its population under age 15,
Malaysia is expected to grow until 2070 , at which time the country’s
under-15 cohort will have dropped to 15% of the population.
, demographic transformation:
- took a century in HICs
- occurred in the span of a generation
- in most countries, the rates of fertility have dropped faster than
what was first predicted
- Africa ---> exception
● rate of population growth is 2.5 per year in some countries
- recent global population growth recently has involved
approximately 80-85 million people per year
Components of population change
net migration: difference between immigration and emigration
total population change in a country: takes into account both the
natural population change and the net migration in the area
Population = (Births - Deaths) ± migration
P = (B-D) ± M
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