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Summary - Tectonics (9GEO)
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Summary of the Structure of the Earth, completed with the notes from my first few Geography lessons. Contains a few diagrams to help explain the notes further. specifically focusing on how the structure of the Earth was discovered.

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  • March 24, 2024
  • 2
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary

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The Structure of the Earth
Alfred Wegener (1920s) – idea of ‘’catastrophism’’
 They were looking for ideas that God created certain
features
 His papers weren’t well received
Wegener - Then came up with the ‘’gradualism’’
 the idea that things happen slowly over time
 e.g. south America + Africa – jigsaw theory
 came up with theory of Pangea
Wegener wrote a book – ‘’The Thought of Continental Drift’’ but nobody believed
him because he didn’t have much evidence.
1940s – End of WW2
 all empires knocked out, only 2 global superpowers left (USA and
Soviet Union (Russia))
 start of cold war
 Alaska was sold to the USA from Russia giving the USA an advantage to
threaten with nuclear weapons
1960s – US Navy employed geophysicists; Mckenzie + Hess
 Used sonar imaging to map the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean
 Produced accurate maps but over time they became inaccurate
 Map changes caused questioning of continental drift because the
mountains have ‘’moved’’
 They proved that Wegener was correct and therefore published ‘’The
Theory of Plate Tectonics’’
Proof of continental drift – Elephants
Elephants found in Africa, Madagascar and India are genetically identical
Because they were once all connected + when India meets Asia it creates the
Himalayan mountains.
How?
Mckenzie and Hess had access to radar beams that could be sent through the
earth to provide the theory.
 gets cooler moving outwards away from the centre
 Core – inner + outer = metallic (iron + nickel)
 Asthenosphere (mantle) – liquid/solid – plasticity
 Lithosphere (crust) – solid – hard magma




Core - radioactive decay = releases heat

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