An in depth summary Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography A2 human geography globilisation, including case stusy notes on transnational cooporations, chinas one belt one road, asias infrastructure investment bank
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Developing countries tend to export mainly primary foods and
imports manufactured goods
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- in developed countries, the pattern is the other way around,
export manufactured foods and import primary Developed countries D
Germany
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POOR COUNTRIES Mainly raw materials
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LICs export cheap primary goods whose value changes money value
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Globalization has been around sinc
colonization created global empires &
Is the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world
that today is special by the extent of in
occurred.
There are two major players in the globalisation arena
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• Key period between 1870-1914
• Transport and communications
Drive money (global shift) Set the rules • World trade grew significantly e
rich and poor nations.
• Very large flows of capital from
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and deep integration in the curre
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services and capital’ that has occurred sin
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- The power of nation states has been diminished in many parts of the world A hierarchy of global cities has emerged to act as the
as more and more countries organise themselves into trade blocs.
- The European Union is the most advanced model for this process of
command centres of the global economy.
- New York, London and Tokyo are at the highest level of
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integration, taking on many of the powers that were once the sole preserve this hierarchy - The movement of people across international
of its member nation states. - Competition within and between the different levels of the borders and the desire to move across such
- The United Nations has intervened militarily in an increasing number of global urban hierarchy is intensifying. borders has increased considerably in recent
countries in recent times, leading some writers to talk decades.
about the gradual movement to - More and more communities are becoming
'world government'. multicultural in nature.
- On the other side of the coin is
the growth of global terrorism.
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- English has clearly emerged as the
working language of the 'global
village'.
- Of the 1.9 billion English speakers,
some 1.5 billion people around the
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lanquage.
- Under the auspices of first GATT and latterly - In a number of countries there is
the WTO, world trade has expanded rapidly. great concern about the future of the
Transnational corporations have been the major native language.
force in the process of increasing economic
interdependence, and the emergence of
different generations of NICs has been the
main evidence of success in the global
economy.
- However, the frequency of 'anti-capitalist'
demonstrations in recent years shows that 888M$ .im#IAohHHt$UiUioF*H
many people have grave concerns about the
direction the global economy is taking. - Western culture has diffused to all parts of the world to a 88mA ftp.AH#oonBeoooA**eH
- Many LEDCs and a significant number of considerable degree through TV, cinema, the internet, newspapers and
magazines. - Increasingly, economic activity in one country has had an
regions within MEDCs feel excluded from the
- The international interest in brand-name clothes and shoes, fast food impact on the environment in other nations.
benefits of globalisation.
and branded soft drinks and beers, pop music and major sports stars - The long- range transportation of airborne pollutants is the
has never been greater. most obvious evidence of this process.
- However, cultural transmission is not a one-way process. - The global environmental conferences in Rio de Janeiro
- The popularity of Islam has increased considerably in many Western (1992) and Johannesburg (2002) is evidence that most
countries, as has Asian, Latin American and African cuisine. countries see the scale of the problems as so large that only
coordinated by international action can bring realistic
solutions.
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