Exam (elaborations)
Anatomy and physiology (an integrative approach): Correct Questions and Answers
- Module
- Physiology
- Institution
- Oxford University (OX)
Anatomy and physiology (an integrative approach): Correct Questions and Answers
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Anatomy and physiology (anintegrative approach): Correct
Questions and Answers
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, Anatomy and physiology (an integrative
approach): Correct Questions and
Answers
Plasma membrane - correct answer separates internal components from external
environment
Nucleus - correct answer largest structure within the cell and is enclosed by a nuclear
envelope, contains genetic material.
Cytoplasm - correct answer all cellular contents located between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus. Three main components of cytoplasm: cytosol, organelles,
and inclusions.
Membrane bound - correct answer endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Non membrane bound - correct answer ribosome, cytoskeleton, centromere, and
proteasomes.
Explain the general functions that cells must perform. - correct answer Maintain
integrity and shape, obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks, and dispose of
wastes.
List the lipid components of the plasma membrane - correct answer Phospholipids
Cholesterols
Glycolipids
Phospholipids - correct answer amphipathic molecules that ensure cytosol remains
inside the cell and interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cells) remains outside
Cholesterols - correct answer scattered within hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid
membrane, strengthens membrane and stabilizes it at extreme temperatures
Glycolipids - correct answer located on outer portion of cell membrane, helps to form
the glycocalyx, a sugar coating on the outside of cells
Name the six major roles played by membrane proteins. - correct answer Transport
proteins- regulate movement of substances across the membrane
Cell surface receptors- bind ligands which bind to macromolecules
Identity markers- communicate to other cells that they belong to the body
Enzymes- catalyzes reactions
Anchoring sites- secure the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane
, Cell-adhesion proteins- used for cell-to-cell attachments
Simple diffusion - correct answer does not require energy, solutes that are small and
nonpolar cross the membrane by diffusion from an area of high concentration to low
concentration
Facilitated diffusion - correct answer (channel mediated or carrier mediated)- small
solutes that are charged or polar use facilitated diffusion, does not require energy
Describe the relationship of osmosis and tonicity. - correct answer Osmosis is the
movement of water across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration.
Tonicity is the ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of the cell by
osmosis. Isotonic- equal concentration inside and out, hypotonic- higher concentration
outside (water moves in, cell swell), hypertonic- higher concentration inside (water
leaves, cell shrinks)
Primary active transport - correct answer uses energy from the breakdown of ATP, P
from ATP attaches to pump, changing its shape to allow movement of particles across
the membrane; example- sodium potassium pump
Secondary active transport - correct answer moves a substance against the
concentration gradient while moving a different molecule down its gradient. Symport-
the two substances move in the same direction, antiport- the two substances move in
opposite directions
Explain the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis - correct answer
Exocytosis moves substances out of the cell while endocytosis moves substances into
the cell.
Phagocytosis - correct answer occurs when membrane extensions called pseudopodia
engulf a relatively large particle and internalize it into a vesicle.
Pinocytosis - correct answer the incorporation of numerous droplets of interstitial fluid
into the cell in small vesicles.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis - correct answer occurs when specific molecules bind
to receptors in the plasma membrane.
Explain how cells communicate through direct contact. - correct answer Immune
system cells come into contact with all other cells and analyze the pattern of the
glycocalyx. If it does not match the pattern on the rest of the cells it is destroyed.
Sperm and oocyte during fertilization.
Cells begin to divide to heal a cut.
list the three general mechanisms of response to the binding of a ligand with a receptor.
- correct answer -Channel-linked receptors (chemically gated channels)
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